The Artist as an Activist:
The Role of the Artist as a Communicator for Environmental and Ecological Crisis’
Ciara Smyth
In partial fulfilment of the Limerick School of Art & Design,
Limerick institute of Technology, Bachelor of Arts
(Honours) Degree in Fine art (Sculpture and Combined Media)2017
The Artist as an Activist:
The Role of the Artist as a Communicator for Environmental and Ecological Crisis’
Ciara Smyth
In partial fulfilment of the Limerick School of Art & Design,
Limerick institute of Technology, Bachelor of Arts
(Honours) Degree in Fine art (Sculpture and Combined Media) 2017
Acknowledgements
In their assistance in writing this thesis I would like to offer thanks to the following people:
I would like to thank Cormac Morrison (Critical and Contextual Studies Department) for his valuable direction, encouragement, assistance and providing invaluable insight throughout the duration of the writing of this thesis.
Lecturers, of Sculpture and Combined Media Department, Sean Taylor and Amanda Dunsmore in providing support and insight.
I would like to give special thanks to the Limerick School of art and Design librarians for their continuous assistance and for providing generous insight and selected reading material.
My classmates for advice and encouragement
Special thanks to both my parents Mr Patrick Smyth and Mrs Margaret Smyth for their continuous Support and Encouragement
Introduction:
This Final year project examines a political and critical view of environmental and ecological issues through aesthetics. It explores the artist’s role in creating awareness in sustainability, ecology and the environment. Currently the planet is undergoing a critical change. Through climate change, animal extinction, deforestation, water and air pollution, loss of ecosystems and the increase in the influx of natural disasters the world in which we live in is facing its greatest threat. The mode in which we are currently seeking a solution to the crisis we are facing is crucial. Individuals and environmental groups are continuously working to resolve these issues. Although this may not be enough. How can these issue be communicated with the world? How can awareness be brought to light to allow people to clearly see what exactly is happening? Through visual communication, there are many artist working towards creating awareness. Artists and activism is connecting on a large scale throughout the world. This final year project examines and explores the connection between the artists and their ability to alternate change. Through aesthetics many artists are creating work that works to create awareness of this crisis but also there are many artists that are currently alternating change within their works. It is exploring the possibilities that are involved in world of art and how it is combined with environmental, political and social science.
Section 1, Activism, views the role of the activist society. It explores activism and all its attributes. It demonstrates the responsibility of individual to conquer their desires to create change.
Section 2, Art Activism- Creative and innovative application of current social and political issues. Introduces the methods in which art can communicate through a mode of activism. Its examines how, creatively, artists can engage in protest through aesthetics. Viewing the possibilities and challenges an art activist can face, it explores a means of transition from traditional boundaries and modern advertisement. Through visionary act, these issues are been benefited by creative practices
Section 3, The Current Ecological and Environmental Crisis, It is an exploration of all current issue that the world faces. Awareness of the environmental issues the world is under is crucial to the content of this Final Year project. Knowledge and awareness of the relevant areas and matter that are underlined in this chapter is the intent of this essay.
Section 4, Environmental Activism, this chapter outlines environmental activism, relating to these issue, it explores methods of communication, through protest and active participation in alternating change within ecosystems worldwide. It examines solutions and methods in which these issues can be resolved. Observing groups and communities that are working continuously to creating improvements is the intent of this chapter.
Section 5, The Role of Art and Creative Practices in Relation to Environmental Activism, looks at the connection and bond between artist creative practices and their methods and intents to creating change and demonstrating awareness. Continuously attempting to communicate through their art, these artists are working as activists through their practice. It outlines the mode of which the artist can impact society in creating a greener, more sustainable planet.
This essay is a reflection on various works and the artists that play a role in society. It challenges the abilities of the artist to alternate change and create awareness. Through this essay, it will discover, if the intent of the artist can successfully benefit social and environmental studies and if it has the ability to alternate a change for the greater good in regards to the environmental issues it the planet faces
Activism
Participating in protest, an activist is an individual who addresses issues relating to a particular topic they consider personally to be of importance. They unite, connect and network with other individuals of related opinions and beliefs to engage in protest, campaigning together. (Bennett, 2003)
An activist has a desire, as an individual or among an activist group, to make improvements in society. Taking action to effect social change can take many forms. Throughout time people have viewed activists as loud, extravagant individuals who march in protest, with angry worded messages along giant posters, chanting their opinions and beliefs. In fact, this is not always the case. In theory, many activists do partake in these events but also in many other forms. Although an activist may, for example, be simply a person who chooses to purchase locally produced products, rather than buying from commercial industries, that may have a negative impact on labour, the environment or other various industrial issues. (Bennett, 2003)
Fundamentally, social, environmental and political issues have an ability to change and gain improvements, it is the responsibility for the human race to generate that change. (Norris, 2007) An activist is a person, who, along with their declaration of injustice, can therefore take action and inspire others to make a change. Communicating to the public also take many forms. Advertisements, protest, social media, national news or newspapers, art and the internet can channel these notions or ideas to a wide audience of people.
Art Activism- Creative and innovative application of current social and political issues
An artist has the ability to engage, creatively in such protest through a visionary act. Through a manner of response, they can advocate their opinions on an issue that is of current. Altering, creating and encouraging change, artists have used their skills throughout time to express matters of concern through their work. (Groys, 2014)
Activist art challenges socio-political issues through aesthetics. It practices objections to traditional boundaries. Campaigning against custom and projecting this through a mode of innovation. The aim of the works in this area, is to connect more broadly to a wider audience to be seen and heard to therefore alternate change. (Groys, 2014)
These works intend to empower individuals and communities in an attempt to demonstrate crisis and raise consciousness. The impact of the work on the public is the core intention of many activist artists to create revolutionary action. (Weintraub, 2012)
Activist art combines the cultural with political, environmental and social aspects. It participates with the connection between activism and aesthetics.
Activism in art is central to our current time. By means of art, they intend on changing the mindset of people, create awareness, and create change within themselves. (Krohn, 2011)
It is a reaction to a dramatic decline in our modern and social state. Activists have a drive, to create a beneficial alteration in society, to therefore alter traditions to create a change. Whilst doing this they intend on maintaining their personal practice as artists and using their skill and abilities to demonstrate and communicate. (Krohn, 2011)
Art activists do not want to merely criticize the art systems or the general political and social conditions under which the system factions. Rather, they want to change these conditions by means of art. Not so much inside the art system but outside it, while continuously combining both the art world and society. (Groys, 2014)
Art can communicate with the public on a personal level. Visual art can powerfully impact the public. Visual communication can transmit ideas to allow a new perspective on particular matters engaging the public with the artworks.
‘We experience the world predominantly through our eyes. Recognition of vision’s unique power has led to the development of many new forms of visual communication. Our eyes are now seen as valuable targets for visual content’messages written in light that reach out to tickle our retinas and thus our minds’hoping to make an impression.’ (Few, 2006)
Activist art increased dramatically in current times. As social and economic issues rise, so does the cultures and artistic elements that follow with it. Issues that are relevant to our society that distract the world from becoming a better place will cause protest. (Groys, 2014)
The Current Ecological and Environmental Crisis’
Currently we face ecological and environmental crises. Our atmosphere is ever changing, ever growing, and ever deteriorating. As these changes occur, growth in awareness of these problems surrounding it needs to occur. With the intensive influx in natural disaster and drastic weather changing patterns it has become clear that, currently there is a dramatic change happening. It is our planet earth’s call, to humankind, to become aware of all environmental problems it is facing and alternate drastic change to amend all, primarily caused by human activity.
Global warming has become a reality for our current generations and our generations to come ahead of us.
‘Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth.’ (NMSEA, 2015)
At this current time, the earth has drastically warmed up, reaching temperatures it has not seen in thousands of years. As it has been increasing gradually over the past century it has become unnoticed to many people and some are oblivious to this fact. People within the field of environmental, ecological, natural studies and other occupations in these areas, alongside some of the general public to have brought their awareness to this crisis. The people who have become activists in this area can see the problems that global warming is causing.
Rise in sea levels, change in patterns of rainfall, increase in natural disasters, melting of ice caps and with the loss of habitat and an ecosystem near both north and south poles with the effect of polar bears now becoming endangered, a worldwide decline in eco-systems including drastic decline in animal populations and habitat loss, bleaching of coral reefs, loss of plankton due to the heating seas, these are all huge problems that all fall under the category of global warming. (Kukreja, 2017)
Each issue caused by climate change, has a rippling effect that will affect more of the planet’s environment. For example, due to warming seas, there has been a loss of plankton in the seas therefore, animals such as Orcas, sea lions, sea urchins and other fish populations have declined due to this loss of tiny plankton. It has an explosive impact throughout their circle of life in their ecosystem. (Kukreja, 2017)
Planet earth is in a state of emergency, it is currently the responsibility of humanity to address issues it is facing and if it is not attended to, it will be doomed.
Pollution of air, water and soil from industry and motor vehicles are the main pollutants. Also heavy metals, plastics, nitrates and other toxins are problems for pollution. The waters are being polluted by oil spillages, urban runoffs and contamination of plastic waste. Air pollution is being caused by emissions, gasses and toxins that are being released constantly each day by factories and industries and release of fossil fuels. The soil is being polluted by waste from industries and then is therefore depriving the soil from its essential nutrient it needs to survive.
With the unsustainable level of population, the world is facing shortage of resources of food, water and fuel. Overpopulation is causing impacts on society that therefore cause increase in pollution primarily in overcrowded urban areas. This is one of the current time’s most crucial environmental issues. (Kukreja, 2017)
Throughout the world, people are taking strenuous efforts to change their carbon footprint. Changing their homes to become more sustainable. Such as, altering change to renewable sources of energy, like solar, wind and geothermal energy.
As the increase in consumption continues, the increase in waste also inclines alongside it. The overconsumption of resources that packaged or created by plastic is creating a global crisis from disposal of waste. Almost every piece of plastic created still exists on this planet today. It is dangerously effecting the ecosystems of land and water, killing animals and plant sources that they rely on to survive. (Kukreja, 2017)
Human activity is one of the main causes from the extinctions of species and habitats and the loss of bio-diversity. The decline in the planet’s eco-systems is causing animal life to drastically decrease. Too frequently species of animals are being placed onto the endangered or extinction lists. Almost all species play a role in their eco-system. Once a species of animal or fish is declared extinct, this will then effect another specie of animal or plant resource and this will in turn, effect another specie and so on, the cycle continues. (Kukreja, 2017)
As the planet’s forests are being destroyed so are the animals and plants that live within it. Deforestation is another huge concern. Forests are assisting in the regulation of temperature and rainfall with the production of fresh oxygen. Destruction of forests in attempts to build, residential areas, industrial industries and for commercial purposes are increasing issues of pollution, plastic production and is therefore effecting climate change.
These current environmental issues are posing problems from all eco-systems, for animal and plant life, and for humankind and all humankind to come. (Kukreja, 2017)
Environmental Activism
Continuously around the world individuals and groups of people are campaigning about environmental justice. The growing concern for environmental protection is becoming more prevailing. It is the intent of this movement to seek preservation of the earth, restoration and improvement of the natural environment. It is a movement of people which aims to control pollution issues and protect animal and plant diversity. (Carter, 2007)
Environmentalism creates an attempt to bridge the gap between human activity and natural eco-systems worldwide. To gain respect from the human race of the planet’s systems of nature.
Throughout this movement, their aim is to seek awareness of our natural environment, considering consequences of what has become of planet earth, to engage in an attempt to resolve and restore these problematic issues. (Carter, 2007)
Environmentalism continues to grow and increase as issues of global warming and overpopulation is on the rise.
There are many organisations surrounding environmental activism, one of the most international operational groups is Friends of the Earth. Their intent is to campaign on the most relevant and urgent social and environmental crises which the planet faces. They challenge current corporate globalisation and the aim to advocate solutions that will assist in the attempt to create a more sustainable environment. With over 2 Million members, Friends of the Earth have a worldwide community of people with one intent and that is to create a greater environment for all forms of life to live in and to promote change. (FOE, 2017)
‘We envision a society of interdependent people living in dignity, wholeness and fulfilment in which equality and human and peoples’ rights are realized.
This will be a society built upon peoples’ sovereignty and participation. It will be founded on social, economic, gender and environmental justice and be free from all forms of domination and exploitation, such as neoliberalism, corporate, globalization, eco colonialism and militarism. (FOE, 2017)
We believe that our children’s future will be better because of what we do’ (FOE, 2017)
Activists worldwide are working towards creating a more sustainable planet and to bring awareness to the human race of the issues it faces. Through many forms it intends to distribute their beliefs, intentions, aims, objectives and ideas to a wide audience. In order to demonstrate the change that is need, they must use forms such as social media, advertisement, political involvement and art and culture. (Carter, 2007)
Through social media it is visible that these ideas are being dispersed around the world constantly on a fast pace. Articles and news bulletins may just not be enough to consume people’s attention.
Visual artists are using their innovative and creative methods to disperse their views on these matters. There are many varieties of environmental artists. Some artists portray their ideas through highlighting various issues through means of illustration, others take action through their work and others involve the public in taking action through their work.
The Role of Art and Creative Practices in Relation to Environmental Activism
Enriched by artistic imagination, Eco art stands out against political campaigns and protests because of its visual qualities. Environmental artists have established a movement with a set of standards. Like environmentalists, they are driven by their desire to replenish and rejuvenate our planet’s beauty and life. They also have artistic, imaginative and innovative methods of achieving this. Eco- artists’ work creates a function. It no longer only seizes visual appreciation and to obtain an aesthetic to please but to create and create change. These works set out an objective to communicate with the world and participate in activism. (Bower, 2011)
‘Society resistance to embracing art fully parallels a similar cultural inability to accept the need for a universally recognized ecological consciousness’ (Becker, 2002)
Eco art and environmental art can take many forms. Activist environmental art works towards creating a better environment. Whereas, some environmental art is just engaging with the site it is located and engaging with all organic, recycled and natural materials. For example, Robert Smithson’s to who has been considered to be an environmental landscape artist, creates work that is visually and aesthetically beautiful. ‘Spiral Jetty’ (See fig. 1) is a vast piece of work engages with the site in which it was created. On a lake in Utah the piece takes shape of a large spirals. Disagreements and controversy surrounds this piece. Some have seen this as a phenomenal piece of sculpture that has been immersed into the land. Others do not consider this to be an environmental piece as it was created with a bulldozer that has inflicted permanent damage to the earth. (Weintraub, 2012)
The practice of ecological art is proposing ideas that are sustainable to all animal and plant life. It is the focus between the relationship between the environmental, cultural, political and social aspects of our society. It creates a dialogue between the art form and the humanity to change human behaviour towards the nature and encourages respect towards it for the future. Ecological art can combine with science, ecology, architecture. (Weintraub, 2012)
‘A long-standing dialogue about art moving out of the gallery, away from more mere image production and more precisely a move from producing art as a commodity has a long tradition and rich pedigree. Artists that would include Josef Beuys, Robert Morris, Maya Lin and Michael Heizer set the stage for art and science working together in a hybrid practice where science win and the public utilizes art as a cultural production to let seemingly obtuse endeavours like bio-mediation enter the gallery, enter public consciousness and thus gain a new audience that can understand and appreciate bioremediation as a populist form of pro-activity like a 100-mile diet or meatless meals.’ (Weintraub, 2012)
Continuously considering social, global and local impact environmental crises have, visual contemporary artists worldwide are creating awareness. The use of communicating through art may also need to invest in the use of social media and distributing their work on an extremely wide range. Noting that ecological artists want to communicate not just to the world of art but to all forms of civilisation, they have a necessity to articulate their ideas through the form of technology.
Posing a question on environmental issues may be enough to demonstrate what is happening in the world. They may not need to provide answers, but to allow the viewers and communities to find the answers within the work, socially engaging with the public.
They offer to the public, their work, to allow them to create a means of reflection and awareness within themselves that therefore leads to allowing people to discover new methods of thinking about the world we live in. Thus allowing the viewers to engage in an act of thought processes that create an interpretation and from then create an idea on their role they can play to allow and create change. (Brown, 2014)
Josef Beuys, considered to be one of the most highly recognised environmental artists, is constantly viewing the democratic nature of human activity. He believed that art should address issues of social and political ideas. He claims that ‘everyone is an artist’, this is a statement that stems from is idea in which society as a whole can be seen to create one large piece of art together in which every individual can contribute. (Brown, 2014)
He has a strong belief that art has the ability to alternate society. Confident in the power art has to bring change, he addresses the idea that art plays a major role in social, cultural and politics.
‘Only art is capable of dismantling the repressive effects of a senile social system that continues to totter along the death line'(Brown,2014)
Creating the idea of ‘social sculpture’- integrating the everyday and sculptural work socially, he has a key idea that society as a whole is regarded as one universal piece of art. (Brown, 2014)
In the world of environmental issues, Beuys is best known for his works ‘7000 oaks’. (See Fig.2) He began by planting a single oak tree in Kassel, Germany in 1982, launching a project that is a collaboration of planting 7000 oak tree in the city over a 5-year period. This ecological intervention was a sustainable art piece with the intention of changing the living space of the city of Kessel. The project challenged the idea of social sculpture and how it can participate in a process that could transform the environment in a beneficial manner. The concept of this particular piece of work intervenes itself into an environment that Beuys reckons needs attention and therefore becomes part of the landscape and alternating a change within that social urban environment.
‘7000 Oaks is a sculpture referring to peoples’ life, to their everyday work. That is my concept of art which I call the extended concept or art of the social sculpture.’ ‘ Joseph Beuys (Schinkel 2010)
Environmental artists traditionally have been admired for both the works that they have created but they also have been commanded for raising awareness about environmental problems that our planet faces. Although it has become a very broad term, environmental art can fall under many different categories such as land art, earth art, sustainable art and ecological art. Although environmental art is considered a relatively new movement, artists such as Claude Monet are considered environmentalists, creating a relationship between humankind and nature and bringing awareness to the beauty of our planet. (Anon., 2017)
Agnes Denes, born in Hungry is a conceptual artist working and living in New York. She is declared by many to be the ‘grandmother’ of early environmental art movements. She views the human perception of natural and organic cycles. Her most famous and celebrated piece to date is ‘Wheatfield’ (See Fig. 3) from 1982. (Chrowther 1994)
Two acres of wheat was planted and harvested in a Manhattan landfill in New York City in the summer of 1982. After months of preparation, two hundred truckloads of clay and compost was brought in and 285 furrows were dug by hand and cleared of rocks, stones and wasted. The seeds were all hand sown and planted and it was continuously maintained for four months prior. The crop was harvested on August 16th and produced 1000 pounds of wheat.
The field in which the wheat was planted and harvested was worth an estimated 4.5 billion dollars. This in turn created a beautiful paradox. The universal concept symbolized food, energy, commerce, economics, sustainability. It raised awareness of waste, world hunger and ecological concerns. It brought attention to our illogical priorities. (Chrowther 1994)
The harvested grain travelled through exhibitions, on tour to around twenty-eight cities worldwide. This exhibition was called ‘The international Art Show for the End of World Hunger’. These seeds were taken away by people and planted around the globe.
This work questioned concerns rising about human kind, human values and the future for humanity. It raised issue of neglect to the planet and created a rise in communication about the ongoing concerns.
Environmental artists depending on their intent describe and demonstrate their individual concerns. Some artists seek a solution through investigation and demonstration of the problems that arise, others simply create change in a physical form. The way in which humankind view the planet and respect its nature is the priority of these artists. They want to establish a connection between nature and humanity.
Chris Jordan is a highly recognized environmental photographer, highly known for his works that are continuously indicating the issue of over consumption. He views the cycle of commercial products and habits of the consumers. His main focus is the extreme excess of plastic waste and its impacts on ecosystems. His ideas stem from the universal behaviors of humanity unconsciously on a collective level. He continuously views the denial of humanity that are beyond our daily awareness. (Jordan, 2008)
He connects statistics of consumption and his photography. For example, his piece ‘One Million Cups’ (see fig 4) is a large photograph, when it is viewed at first, from afar, it may appear to be an abstract representation of factories and pollution. At a little closer viewing, (See Fig 5) it may appear to begin to look like lots of pipes over linking through each other that might represent a chemical plant or look like motorways from a distance interlinking and overlapping each other. Once the viewers see the piece up close and directly and views the smaller details it is clear that is of plastic cups. (See Fig 6) Stacked on top of more cups and multiplied over and over again. In fact, this piece is made of 1,000,000 plastic cups. This is the amount of cups that are used on American airline flights every six hours. His demonstration of this is to bring awareness of in this industry alone each day there are 4,000,000 cups produced and not recycled each day. This is not the amount of plastic cups on every airline each day but only in America. This concept he has created in many different ways. (Jordan,2008)
His work manifests these ideas of over consumption in ways to bring attention to plastic bottles, cigarettes and cigarette boxes, polyester clothing, cars, dolls and many more. He recreates new and transformed images from mass consumption. His most recognized work has an almost graphic and linear approach. These pieces are images of individual items that are then multiplied therefore create completely new images from the mass numbers contained within the photograph. Bringing attention to our planet's mass production and consumption Jordon represents this within each photograph. (Jordan,2008)
For example, His works ‘Barbie Dolls'(see fig 7) He created an image of breasts, a step closer is viewed as spirals, and once view up close it is seen as a mass overview of children’s dolls. This work can bring awareness through a shock factor of the severe issues that is ever growing. The transition between viewing the beautiful aesthetic of the image at first view, to the realization once viewed at a close of the content of the work is the key aspects of Jordan's work. Running in numbers: An American Self Portrait is a book that states:
‘Statistics can be daunting and dry: 100,000,000 trees cut down every year; 9, 00,000 American children without health insurance; 2.000,000 plastic bottles used every 5 minutes; 2,300,000 adults incarcerated in U.S prisons. Renowned photographer Chris Jordon brings these staggering numbers to life in manipulated digital photographs that are at once alluring and shocking. A landscape of toothpicks, each representing a felled tree, stretches into the horizon. A looping maze of plastic cups reveal how many are used each day on airplane flights. Fashioned from soda cans, a replica of a Seurat masterpiece becomes a lesson in waste; and thousands of Barbie dolls- representing the number of breast augmentations performed each year- combine to depict a woman’s torso.’ (Jordan, 2009)
Art and environmental studies are connecting in my forms. These artists are working with an aim to achieve beyond the gallery spaces and to make an impact on viewers and also on society. They are actively participating in activism through aesthetics. This Movement is rapidly growing and increasing alongside the crises that the planet is facing. Artist are bringing awareness in a creative manner and actively altering society and the environment.
Conclusion
Art and activism in relation to environmental issues is crucial to our society. As the environment is facing major threat, art has the ability to make an impact. Through aesthetics, art has a sense of communication. A direct line between the artist and the viewer. It gives a visionary reference to politics, society, humanity and the environment. Viewers can connect to a piece of work, relate to it and almost gain a relationship with it. In society today, through social media, advertisement, there is an overload of information and images.
Art has not got the ability to entirely mend problems within society. Although it can promote change in high standards, it cannot resolve everything. It is society's responsibility to work alongside it and take action. Many artists are creating works that are bringing awareness to all aspects of environmentalism. Through promoting beautiful landscapes, to shocking imagery, to reusing recycled goods and many more. This aims to bring attention to the problems. Other artists are actively involving themselves in the process of change through their art such as growing plants, tree and crops.
These works of art are intended to communicate greatly within a wide audience. To reach as many viewers as possible to bring benefit to society and the environment, to assist in the activism that is largely needed in this crises.
Illustrations
Fig. 1, Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
Fig.2 Joesf Beuys, 7000 oaks
Fig.3 Agnes Denes, Wheatfield
Fig.4 Chris Jordan, 1 million cups
Fig.5 Chris Jordan One million cups
Fig.6 Chris Jordan one million cups
Fig.7 Chris Jordan Barbie dolls
Bibliography
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References
Bennett, W. L., 2003. Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and vulnerabilities of network politics. University of washington , pp. 2-3.
Groys, B., 2014. On art activism. E-flux, Volume 56.
Norris, P., 2007. Political Activism: New Challenges, new opportunities. The oxford handbook of comparative politics, p. 629.
Weintraub, L., 2012. Introduction to Environmental Art. in to life! Eco art in pursuit of a sustainable planet. 1 ed. Oakland: University of California Press.
Crowther, Paul. Art And The Natural Environment. 1st ed. [S.l.]: Academy Edns., 1994. Print.
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Communicating global activism: Strength and vulnerabilities of networked politics 2003 university of Washington USA