AMITY INSTITUTE OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
Faculty Guide
Student
Amity University Uttar Pradesh Campus, Block-J3, Ground Floor, Sector ‘ 125, Noida ‘ 201303, U.P. (INDIA)
BASICS OF AGRICULTRE
A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted by
AKSHAY CHAHAL
ENROLLMENT NO-A1425916065
AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH
Amity University,
Sec-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
DECLARATION
I Akshay chahal do hereby declare that the report entitled ‘BASICS OF AGRICULTURE.’ is an original work. The contents of this report are the Manifestations of my work done during the Summer Internship at KVK(KRISHI VIGYAN KENDAR CHOLUS, DIST-Noida of 11 days dated 05/06/2017 ‘ 16/06/2017.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.AKNOWLEDGEMENT
2.METHODOLOGY
3.OBJECTIVES
4.SUMMAY’.
5.CONCLUSION ‘…
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would express my gratitude to everybody who upheld me over the span of this project. I am appreciative of the guidance, valuable feedback and friendly advice amid the project work. I am truly thankful to them for sharing their honest and illuminating perspectives on various issues related to the project.
I express my warm thanks to Dr. MAYANK KUMAR ROY for his support and guidance at KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA
I would likewise want to thank my institutional project guide Dr RENU YADAV and all the people who provided me with required information and conducive conditions for my project.
Thank you,
AKSHAY CHAHAL
Methodology
The study was conducted over a period of 11 days from 05.06.2017 to 16.06.2017 during my internship at krishi vigyan Kendra cholus DIST- GAUTAM BUDH NAGAR, NOIDA.
Sources of Information: –
‘ Public Information via Annual Reports as well as Government Reports.
‘ Online Research
‘ Directories and Publications
‘ Print Material (Magazines)& BOOKS
‘ Practicles done in kvk
Every exersion is made to provide precise information. The information provided is best available on the day the data was gathered.
AKSHAY CHAHAL
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The project aims at attaining the following objectives: –
‘ Study of Various agricultural about ICAR
‘ Farming methods & Modern Farming Tools
‘ Diseases in Crops
‘ Fighting methods to Disease
‘ Emphasis of Organic Farming
‘ Crop Varieties and variation
‘ Field Preparation
‘ India in Agriculture
Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other form of food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain human life
Summary
Indian in agriculture
India ranked second in world in farm output. Agriculture and sectors involced are like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7% of the GDP (gross domestic product) in 2013, about 50% of the workforce of india is involved in agriculture. The contribution of agriculture to India economy and GDP is declining with the country broad-based economic growth in other sectors. But agriculture is still the most important economic sector and plays a vital role in the overall social-economic modification of India.
India since independence has made immense progress towards food security. Indian population has tripled, and food-grain production more than quadrupled. There has been a subsequent increase in available food-grain per capita.
Icar and agricultural institutes
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is a group under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.,and it is established to protect agriculture.
The institutes are the apex body for perfoming, guiding and manage research and education work in agriculture including fisheries, horticulture and life sciences in the entire country. It has 101institutes and 71 universities throughout the country this is the largest national agricultural systems in the world.
Modern farming
Traditional farming is the an ancient food producing system and the type of agriculture practised earlier it is thoroughly practised for thousands of year. Traditional farming is the world oldest farming method but also the important source for improving quality of farming technology like conventional, modern and organic farming as it promote genetic diversity also. Increasing environmental awareness among farmers by following modern and scientific methods such as, soil science, irrigation, using traditional method like crop rotations, compost / dung fertilizer, natural weed, biological pest control to protect the agriculture.
Modern farming methods increase the production in every sector. Using modern agriculture and farming techniques is a must because modern farming methods can increase production and can feed the growing world. The economy of some country is mostly dependent on agriculture and farming related business. A major part of the population are directly or indirectly involved with agriculture and farming business. Income in this is limited. So raising poultryfarm, ducks, dairy, fish, sheep, goat etc. can be a great source of earning some extra good income. As well as it will ensure availability of food for the next generation and continuously growing population.
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Disease and counterback
Diseases have a deteriorating effect on plants and animals and impact on market access and agricultural produce. Diseases can include micro-organisms, disease agents (bacteria, fungi and viruses), infectious agents, parasites and genetic disorders.
plant diseases can significantly destroy yield and quality of the crop .
To protect plant from the disease symptoms identification is important as
Plant pathogens can be fungal, bacterial, viral or nematodes and can damage plant parts above or below the ground. Identifying symptoms and knowing when and how to effectively control diseases is an ongoing challenge for the world.
Controls:-
A variety of chemicals are available that are designed to control plant diseases by inhibiting the growth or by killing the disease-causing pathogens. Chemicals used to control bacteria, fungi (fungicides), and nematodes is nematocides may be applied to seeds, foliage, flowers, fruit, or soil. They prevent us to reduce infections by using various principles of disease control. Eradicaents are designed to kill a pathogen that may be present in the soil, or on the seeds, or on vegetative propagative organs, such as bulbs, corms, and tubers. Protectants place a chemical barrier between the plant and the pathogen. Therapeutic chemicals are applied to combat an infection in progress.
Soil treatments are designed to kill soil-inhabitants such as nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. This eradication can be accomplished using steam or chemical process. Soil borne nematodes can be killed by applying granular or liquid nematocides. Most of soil is treated well before planting; however, certain fungicides can be mixed with the soil at planting time because they are helpful.
Seeds are often treated with systemic fungicides, which are absorbed and provide protection for the growth of seedling.
Protective sprays and dusts are applied to the foliage and fruit of crops and ornamentals including a wide range of organic chemicals designed to prevent infection. Protectants are not absorbed by or trans located through the plant, thus they protect only those parts of the plant treated before the invasion of the pathogen. A second application is often necessary because the chemical may be removed by wind, rain, or irrigation or may be broken down by sunlight. New, untreated growth also is susceptible to infection. New chemicals are constantly being developed.
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests or weeds. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant, and sanitizer. The most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use. Most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects and other pathogens causing harm to plant.
Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects which cause harm to plant by killing them or preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive way. They are classified based on their structure and mode of action they perform. Many insecticides act upon the nervous system of the insect (e.g., Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition) while others act as growth regulators or endotoxins.
Organic farming
Organic farming system in India and not new is being followed from ancient times. It is a method of farming system primarily aims at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, as to keep the soil alive and in good health by the use of organic wastes (crop, animal and farm wastes, aquatic waste) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes biofertilizers to release nutrients for crops to increase sustainable production in an eco friendly pollution free environment. organic farming is a system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, feed additives etc) and to the maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste, mineral grade rock additives and biological system of nutrient mobilization and plant protection.
Field preparation
Before start plowing up on farm it’s important to know what kind of soil you are working with. This enables one to improve it and amend it as needed for growing the best crops and pasture and grasses for animals. The first steps to prepare your land for planting involve looking at soil texture and fertility and adjusting it as per crop need
Cultivating the land for planting a large vegetable garden or crops can seem like a big task. For small acre average (under two to three acres), you can use a PTO-driven tiller on your tractor to till the soil. So that nutrients remain intact. You can also hire someone to do the plowing, disking and harrowing of the soil.
There are many types of fencing avaliable, both electric and non-electric, for protecting farm from animals.
The type you choose will depend upon the animal itself. Goats require a high fence because they can jump — and they love to do it! Cows need only a few single strands of electric wire to keep them in a pasture. Poultry and sheep can be temporarily contained with portable ‘electric net," a plastic mesh with electricity in wires embedded in it that is easily set up and moved.
This is how field preparation is done.
Conclusion
The agricultural sector is of vital importance to the world. It is undergoing a process of transition to a market economy, with substantial changes in the social, economical, legal, structural, productive and supply set-ups, as is the case with all other sectors of the economy. These changes have been accompanied by a decline in agricultural production for most countries, and have affected also the national seed supply sectors for the region. The region has had to face problems of food insecurity and some countries have needed food aid for refugees.