Introduction
At the global level, the rapid growth in motor vehicle activity has serious energy security and climate change effects. The transport sector already customer nearly half of the world’s oil. But in urban areas – both developing and developed countries, it is mainly mobile or vehicular pollution that contributes to air quality problem.
The sources of pollutants include emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in motor vehicles and for industrial processes, domestic cooking, energy production, and heating, and higher dust levels due to local construction, unpaved roads, smoking, sweeping, hotels, restaurants and long-range transport. By this the quality of air has become so poor that, Urban area is the result of both high emissions from the vehicles and unfavorable conditions.
The rapid growth in automobile activity is the challenges to overcome in urban areas during the last and this 10 years. This has brought a serious range of socio-economic, environmental, health, and welfare impacts on environmental decrease. The rapid growth in automobile in urban area is important not only because of their locally harmful air pollution impacts, but also because of their regional and global effects So the paper deals with the study of air pollution caused by the automobiles in the city.
1.2. Summery
Emissions from motor vehicles are the most significant source of air pollution in many urban areas. Improved knowledge about the quantity of pollutants that the vehicle fleet is emitting into the air has becoming a high priority for authorities who are responsible for vehicle emission impacts on air quality specially in urban areas. In internal combustion engines processes, the actual process is usually away from perfect combustion due to many factors.
The oxidation of the carbon monoxide (CO) contained in the fuel does not proceed to the final product (CO2) due to a deficiency of combustion air. Among, fuel rich conditions will cause a steep increasing in CO formation and emission due to spare oxygen being available in the fuel and air mixture. Consequently, a relatively low quantity of CO in the exhaust gases indicates that a relatively high quantity of complete combustion has taken place in the engine. This is also indicated by a relatively higher quantity of CO2 in the exhaust gases. CO the fuel is partially oxidized rather than fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. In health scene, carbon monoxide reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream and dangerous to persons with heart disease.
Among hydrocarbons (HC) are unburned or partially oxidized fuel is the source of HC emissions. A deficiency of oxygen during combustion is a cause, but the main physical mechanisms are poor fuel and air mixing, particularly with fuel condensing on combustion chamber surfaces, and flame crushing before complete oxidation. HC react in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form ground-level ozone, and component of smog. It is our most widespread and obstinate urban area air pollution problem. A number of exhaust HC are also toxic, with the potential to cause cancer. Ozone effect are irritates the eyes, damages the lungs, and aggravates respiratory problems.
The formation of oxide of nitrogen ( NOx) increases fast with top flame temperatures if endured long enough with the simultaneous availability of oxygen. The oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from motor vehicles mainly consist of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO is the species contained in motor vehicle emissions and it is generally accepted to be a high proportion of the total NOx that leaves the vehicle tailpipe. Under the high pressure and temperature conditions in an engine, nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the air react to form various nitrogen oxides, collectively known as NOx. Nitrogen oxides, like HC are mainly to the formation of ozone. They contribute to the formation of acid rain.
This study involves on the to identify No. of road side vehicle. Identify various type of exhaust gases release from vehicles, followed by an analysis of the data and prediction and suggestion for preventing air pollution by exhaust gases.
1.3. Problem
One of the main problems that is overlooked across the globe is pollution. The Pollution is bad in many different forms, such as, water, light, sound, radioactive, land, and air. The only way is to reduce the problem of air pollution is the remove or decrease of fossil fuels used by vehicles.
Thus, the increases in population, shifting, uncontrolled urban expansion, income, economic growth, energy consumption and mobility have created a serious for air pollution problems, in cities throughout the world. The study is to find the emissions from the vehicles and their effects on the environment. This deals with the present scenario of air pollution and the impects on environment in urban city. The worst thing about automobile pollution is that it cannot be avoided as the vehicular emissions are emitted at the near ground level where we breathe. The problem of vehicular air pollution especially relates to Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. This report depends on the data of registered vehicles and the emission factors of vehicles.
1.4. Objectives
1. To identify the number of vehicles in urban area.
2. To identify the types of pollutants released from vehicles in urban area.
3. To forecast and suggestion for controlling measures of air pollution in urban area.
1.5. Need of study
- Emissions from vehicles are mainly source of air pollution.
- The largest parts of most emission gas in include ozone, carbon dioxide, NOx, SOx, CO, etc. It is exhaust gases contribute of air pollution.
- This gas increasing air pollution atmosphere. It is also affected on human body.
- So identify various gases to release from vehicles and that gases prediction and suggestion for prevent air pollution by auto mobile.
CHAPTER: 2 METHODOLOGY
• 2.1. Methodology
• This study is used primary and secondary data sources. Primary data is taked from the inhabitants, educational institutions particularly from those instructors and students who live in Gujarat city and bear the consequences of air pollution by automobile, shopkeepers located on the road aside and traffic workers. We also answer the questionnaires from traffic workers these add traffic police, rickshaw drivers and other persons related to traffic activities. Secondary data is obtained from government reports, Gujarat city profile (1998) and census of 1998. Field investigation involved three levels. First level was interview with the resident about the air pollution, knowing their views about the air quality of the area and ratio of different reduce caused by air pollution. Secondly, in depth interviews have been taken to know the concentration of particular pollutant in ambient environmental of urban area which is highly affect to their health, and passion and participation in down gradient activities toward environmental degradation. The data obtained after completing the field research is tabulated by applying statistical techniques along with some graphical analysis and we comprehensively describe the particular behavior of the respondent regarding ambient environment. Finally, field observation which is the most important part of the research, involving people’s attitude in producing and controlling the automobile air pollution and how people minimize the impacts of air pollution by using the nearby park or green spaces to refresh their mind. Moreover, we also try to find out their wish to pay to control environmental degradation in the form of time and prices.
• We simply used improbability sampling design on judgmental basis. We mostly filled the questionnaires from place convenient persons. Due to two main control, one is time and other is cost, the sample size is critical. Moreover, accused feel shy to respond the questions and one thing is that people are less responsive about survey. Instead of these limitations, the study is still very useful because this is the first study about environment quality in the urban area . In future, we will conduct an empirical study on ambient quality of the urban area.
CHAPTER: 3 AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT SOURCES
• 3.1. AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT SOURCES
• Air pollution is sum of any harmful gaseous, liquid or solid particles or substances to the atmosphere, which causes the damaging of the environment, human health on quality of life in urban area that can imperil the health of human beings, plants animals, or damage materials reduce visibility or release evident odors. By this one of the great problems faced in urban areas throughout the world is the increase in vehicles due to imbalance between the public transport and the raise in population, mobility and last mile connectivity. This increase in the number of vehicles has lead to increase in crowd and the increase in pollution by the personal vehicles.
• Polluting such a natural resource by various human activities will substantially change the layout of air. This may lead to many short term and long term implications on the life of plants and animals. Besides the change in layout, the pollution may directly add some poisonous and harmful gases – which may cause series of health complications
• Transportation is one of the important of economic activity and gainful social interactions. While the transportation sector is also a major source of air pollution in gujarat, estimated to account for nearly all of carbon monoxide (CO), more than 80% of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 40% of volatile organic compounds (VOC), 20% of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and 35% of PM10 in 1998. The growing problems related to traffic are crowd, accidents, pollution and lacks of security are also very worrisome. The key question is how to decrease the adverse environmental effects and other negative impects of transportation without giving up the gainful of transportation.
• The increase in the number of vehicles from transportation sector presents a broad range of issues viz. air pollution, noise, crowd, accidents and increased travel time and delays. It was evident from the existing information that air pollution controls are not only important and a current priority in the local context, but also can present a important potential to control greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, with final goal of greenhouse gas reduction, the present study has prefer air pollution control as a strategic target from the transport sector due to its high greenhouse gas co-benefits.
CHAPTER: 4 MOBILITY AND AIR POLLUTION
• 4.1. Mobility and air pollution
• In recent years due to raise in the number of vehicles has shown drastically in, levels of air, noise, and sight pollution were much higher in all urban centers today. Due to increase in automobiles on the road today we experience higher levels of pollution than before. The automobile is one of the major sources, probably the major donor pollution in the cities. The transportation is of the major source for the economic activity and redistribution of resources bitween people. But transportation sector is a major source of air pollution in Gujarat( In urban city), it is estimated that the account for nearly all of carbon monoxide (CO), more than 78%of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 36% of volatile organic compounds (VOC), 23% of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and 33% of PM10 in 1998. The increasing automobiles have lead to problems of crowed, accidents, and decayed of security due to automobiles are worrisome. Therefore to reduce adverse environmental effects and other negative impacts of transportation without giving up the important of mobility. As the increasing geographic disturb of Gujarat (urban city) population is also likely to increase overall transportation demand, since the greater number of tour will also be longer and public transport will be less efficient and universal.
• As the population increased in residential areas where decentralized, patterns of passenger tour mode choice in city have also shifted dramatically by using private vehicles. The number of private vehicles increased drastically, due to decentralization, globalization, economic development, standardization by most estimates at a rate of 18 percent annually in recent years. This could mean a higher number of vehicles in Gujarat, a higher ratio of vehicles per persons, possibility of tour and the distances traveled will increase even more for coming years.
CHAPTER 5
5.1. Automobile pollutants
Automobile produce air pollution throughout their life, including pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, manufacturing, and disposal. Additional emissions are related with the refining and delivery of automobile fuel.
Air pollution from automobile is split into primary and secondary pollution. Primary pollution is emitted directly into the atmosphere; secondary pollution results from chemical reactions between pollutants in the atmosphere. The following are the main pollutants from automobile.
5.1. Particulate matter (PM)
The suspended particulates, which are less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) and tend to pose a great health hazard as these particles can be easily in breath and can get cumulative in the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) which slows down the exchange of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood. The finer the particles, the longer is their thrust to remain air borne.
5.2. Hydrocarbons (HC)
Hydrocarbons are fine particles of incomplete combustion liquid fuel. Hydrocarbons may be carcinogenic and some of the particles are strong irritants of the eyes, nose and throat.
5.3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
The Oxides of Nitrogen are formed during the combustion processes major because of oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen and to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic nitrogen in fuels. The transport and industrial sectors are the mainly sources of NOx which causes irritation of the pulmonary track and affect the functioning of lungs. Higher concentrations can even result in the narrowing of the air passage.
5.4. Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon Monoxide is produced as a result of deficient combustion of fuel. Vehicles are major sources of Carbon Monoxide emissions. Due to its high attractive for hemoglobin, CO displaces Oxygen, leading to progressive Oxygen starvation and severe health effects. In greater concentration, the impects of Carbon Monoxide could sometimes even be deadly.
5.5. Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx) need in extensive air in the form of SO2 and SO3. It has been observed that out of the Sulfur oxides in the ambient air, the percentage of sulfur dioxide may be more than 95 % while the remaining 5 % or less may be in the form of SO3. The major anthropogenic sources of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere are burning of fossil fuels for industrial and domestic purposes as well as their use in industrial processes, viz., petroleum, chemical, metallurgical and mineral based industries. Bacterial decomposition of organic matter, forest fires, etc. also add to the presence of Sulfur oxide in extensive air. The harmful health effects of the sulfur dioxide include displeasure of eyes and respiratory system, increased mucous production, cough and Short ness of breath.
5.6. Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)
These chemical particles have been linked to birth fault, cancer, and other serious illnesses. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the air toxics throughout from vehicles which include Benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene — account for one half of all cancers caused by air pollution.
5.7. Greenhouse gases
Motor vehicles also reduce pollutants, such as CO2, that contribute to global climate change. In fact, vehicle account for over one-fifth of the United States’ total global warming pollution; transportation, which includes trains, freight, and airplanes, accounts for around 30% of all heat-trapping gas emissions.
5.8. Lead
Lead and some of its chemical compounds are actually ubiquitous in the environment. Lead comes into the atmosphere, mainly through vehicular exhaust. Lead uncover is of great worry from the health point of view as it does not additional any organ in the body and can cause kidney damage in children as well as in adults.
CHAPTER: 6 MEASURES FOR EMISSION CONTROL
6.1. Measures for emission control
1. Use of Remote Sensing Technology: Remote sensing technology measures the pollutant level during the vehicle’s exhaust while vehicle is traveling down the road. Unlike the conventional methods, the remote sensing devices are not physically connected to the vehicle. The paper highlights how to achieve almost zero percent pollution and prevent the environment from vehicle emission.
2. Modification on cost effective: Due to today’s strict emissions and fuel economy standards to which manufacturers have to conform, most new cars bought these days are actually capable of performing far better than they are advertised. Cost effective depends on these factors
a) Turbo Charger: The turbo Charger works as compresses air which is driven through the exhaust system.
b) Nitrous helps in cooling effect as it rapidly changes from a liquid to a Gas.
c) Sway bars and control arms: It works components of car suspensions that work to counteract body roll and keep the car firmly planted in turns. Adding stronger sway bars and control arms to a car stiffens the suspension, minimizing body roll and allowing it to take corners at higher speeds.
d) Ceramic brakes: is used instead of mottled brakes as they get very hot and when brakes get hot, they lose a lot of their stopping power. One way around this is to switch to ceramic disc brakes.
e) Spoiler: is the addition of air rushing overhead to push down on the car, stabilizing it and making sure that more of the engine’s power hits the road. And for even more grip a splitte can be added which has much the same effect but at the front of the vehicle,
f) Chipping and ECU remapping: Chipping is basically the same as ECU remapping but instead of re-programming the unit you’re bypassing it completely. This is often less effective than remapping because every engine runs slightly differently, and mass produced pre-programmed chips don’t take into account an engines subtle differences.
g) Reboring the engine: it’s important to check that you can get a gasket, piston with rings and other components to match your chosen bore capacity. A rebore is irreversible and you’ll certainly not want to have to do it again. Another thing to consider is that after reboring your engine, it will be necessary to run the engine in again.
h) Additional cylinder heads: A good way to get more power out of your car is to upgrade your cylinder heads to a set that has four valves per cylinder. The additional intake valve allows more air to enter the cylinder, resulting in stronger combustion, while the extra exhaust valve clears out the engine’s waste faster.
i) Exhaust: A good way to get more power out of your car is to let more air into the engine which results in stronger combustion. An often-overlooked way to improve performance is to help the exhaust gasses get out of the engine. The exhaust is an engine’s way of exhaling.
3. Curtile use of private Vehicles: Reducing vehicles use across the globe can cut carbon dioxide emissions by thousands of tones. As mention before, efficiency is unquestionably the largest, cheapest, and cleanest wedge among the many we need to rid carbon from our energy economy. Avoiding unnecessary driving is the most effective way to reduce vehicle emissions; however, traffic trends indicate more vehicles are being driven more frequently due to urban sprawl. The options we have available to reduce the number of vehicles being driven on our roads.
4. Day without car/ two wheeler: This is a new idea which has been accepted in different countries and to accept and implement ideas such as a car-free day in order to ensure less traffic congestion, stem pollution and contribute our small bit in solving the environmental problems that confront us today.
5. Car Pooling: The employers, or groups of employers, find it convenient to have one or more cars or vans that are readily available for business use by a number of employees. The cars or vans are not allocated to any one employee and are only available for genuine business use. Such cars and vans are usually known as pooled cars and vans. As it has to be started in the corporations.
6. Staged Working Scheme: will be different times for the people employed state Government, Central Government, Corporate, Banks and Financial institutions, Educational institutions, and Public sector etc. This should be introduced in the developed and developing countries based on the congestion and the level of pollution. This will help the citizens or employer will be healthy and can drive his vehicle during their office timings within the city based on their convenience as per the city.
7. Commitment: The citizens should have commitment for the society as it helps in solving the problems related to pollution and the human health in Mysore. The people has to think in a manner that, the pollution is a problem of our house rather than the society which effects mankind and poisoning the environment by unwanted emissions from vehicles and make them unhealthy.
8. Traffic Management side: The present day traffic has to be maintained and planned in such as way that the junctions, intersections, should be made as a traffic free corridor as it emits smoke in these places which will effects the human health and harms the environment.
9. Emission test by RTO: To mitigate transport emissions, stringent emission norms are being introduced for new vehicles. However, this effort would be futile without an improvement in the emissions performance of the large number of in use vehicles. Hence, an effective inspection and maintenance program for in use vehicles is essential for mitigating transport emissions the Regional Transport offices with environment experts.
10. Ban of 2 stroke vehicles: Emissions from 2-stroke engines can be reduced by rigorous inspection and maintenance programs and used of lubricating oil of correct quality and quantity. But the best option is to ban the use of 2-stroke engines in new motorcycles in favour of 4-stroke engines. The 4- stroke engines may be slightly more expensive, but are cheaper to run as they are more fuel efficient and last longer.
11. Ban of vehicles more than 15 years of age: The Supreme court has banned the Commercial vehicles of 15 years of age, but we should think of banning all the vehicles of same age .The law should be made that imports of heavy vehicles (Trucks etc) older than seven years from the date of manufacture and light vehicles (Cars, Pickups) older than five years from the date of manufacture should also be banned. While the transfer of ownership of a vehicle over 10 years old should also be illegal, in other words you cannot sell the vehicle on. This leaves two options scrap the vehicle or export it to another, more lenient, country.
12. Celebration of Bus Day: This has been introduced AMTS on 4th of every month should use public transport. As an individual we should not use our cars for the day, and only use public transport as it reduces the traffic. The Bus Day will be success if the roads are not congested, polluted. If we can see a change in the traffic around us like smoke rings or fog around street lights in the night, winter fog instead of pollution fog, in the night sky.
6.2. Urban Planning
Studies of advanced urban-engineering concepts for cities to evaluate alternatives to urban sprawl. Such engineering analysis would consider the co-location of activities with complementary needs for energy, water, and other resources and would enable evaluation of alternative configurations that could significantly reduce vehicle-miles travelled and GHG emissions. The city transport systems has to provide faster and cheaper movement of passengers than the urban automobile such as (ELRTS) elevated rail system, Bus route priority system, (BRTS) Metro rail, Mono rail, commuter rail, Sky Bus, AMTS,BRTS etc. for the public transport modes.
CHAPTER: 7
Do not use largely your private vehicles; try to use public transportation whenever possible.
Abstain congested road and rush hours.
Do not model away energy. without one minute, it is more fuel – efficient to restart your car
Do not forget to keep your vehicle tuned up. When a vehicle is running well, it uses nine per cent less fuel and thus emits less toxic and noxious fumes.
Do not try to replicate mechanical works and experiment with your car.
Do not forget to replace your old battery with new battery when it required
Do not use clutch pedal as footrest.
2016-10-18-1476787123