Successful Creation of Recombinant pET-41a(+)/EGFP Plasmid Confirmed by PCR and Restriction Digest

Introduction Plasmids are so helpful and important to understanding about genes in the field genetic. Fragment of DNA can ligate to plasmid vector to create a recombinant expression plasmid. In 1973, recombinant plasmid DNA was first achieved by Boyer and Cohen at Stanford University, California. In the beginning of this experiment, we will create a … Read more

Bacterial Diversity Lab

Introduction Bacteria are very diverse organisms, and their diversity is the reason multiple different tests and differences need to be taken account of in order to identify specific species. Some identification is based on morphological differences between bacteria, like: cell size, shape, color, colony shape, surface appearance, elevation, and colony edge shape. Other than by … Read more

DNA Extraction in Strawberries and Tomato Cells

Problem In order to isolate DNA, the solution or substance used as extraction liquid has to do a lysis process within the cells, meaning that it needs to break down the cells. Because plant cells like strawberries and tomatoes contain a cell wall, it is harder for the solution to penetrate the cell membrane and … Read more

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

What is CE? Capillary electrophoresis(CE) and chromatography are techniques for chemical analysis. It is generating tremendous interests in industrial labs due to their high sensitivity, high separation efficiency and rapid rate of analysis in many industrial applications. CE is able to accurately determine chemical compositions and detecting trace impurities. Even small deviations from process specification … Read more

Open channel flow

Open channel flow: Flow of liquid with a free surface through any passage with atmospheric pressure acting on its surface is known as open channel flow. The liquid flowing through any closed passage without touching the top can also treated as open channels. Examples: 1. Flow in natural waterfalls, river and streams. 2. Flow in … Read more

Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most important semiconductor materials in the live sciences since it has numerous applications, particularly in the field of optoelectronics, because of its excellent optic and ultraviolet properties, high electric conductivity and good thermal and chemical stability.[9] Even though several methods of synthesis were used for ZnO preparation, it … Read more

Influential enlightenment thinkers: Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler

There were many influential enlightenment thinkers in the 17th century, two of the incomparable thinkers of the era are Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. They are both inspirational for many different reasons in their respective geographical locations. The thinkers share many differences, would this make them foes or would their similarities bring them together as … Read more

What are the hypothesis tests and their role?

What are the hypothesis and its role? One main step for research are the hypothesis tests. Hypotheses are statements that assign variables to cases. A hypothesis performs a number of essential functions. The most important is that it accompanies the guidance of the study. A common problem that appears within the research is the accumulation … Read more

Human’s uniquely superior linguistic abilities vs. language use in non-human species

Through research on language use in non-human species, it has become evident that the human species has developed language abilities that no other species seems able to obtain (Snowdon, 1990). This assessment will discuss how research has evaluated different communication systems through observing species’ ability to learn certain aspects of human linguistics as well as … Read more

Tight junctions (intercellular junction)

Introduction: Tight junctions serve to maintain and protect the layers of intestinal epithelium from the external environment. One unique thing of this intercellular junction is that it not only regulates extracellular transport but also, it contains basal and apical compartments that fabricate selectively permeable obstruction in the paracellular pathway. The structure of these protein complexes … Read more

Microwave Hybrid Sintering may extend the service life of dental ceramics

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Dental Ceramics are required to withstand a complex environment with several mechanical and chemical challenges. Testing the mechanical properties of the material can provide a good insight of the compatibility of the material for dental function. However, due to the particular failure mode of ceramics, fatigue tests are more reliable to predict the … Read more

Gender is a social construct

The concept of gender is as old as humans. George Orwell once stated “all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” (Eriksen, 2015). The act of gendering is exertion of power, instilling your dominance or submission onto another. Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, while the study of gender examines the … Read more

Food preservation

Throughout the history of mankind science has searched into the realms of the unknown. Along with it bringing new discoveries, allowing for our lives to become healthier, more efficient, safer, and at the same time, possibly more dangerous. Among the forces driving scientists into these many experiments, is the desire to preserve the one fuel … Read more

Interpretation of astronomical images (experts/non-experts)

For millennia, humanity has looked up to engage with the stars. During much of that time, human eyes and hands were the main tools available to record or interpret such celestial information, whether through a petroglyph (rock carving) of an ancient sighting of an exploded star (Than, 2006), or a modern painting of a starry … Read more