Science essays

Abstract Molecular clouds are dark, cold, dense regions of high extinction within the ISM. They confine the majority of the mass in the ISM and these clouds are the primary sites of star formation within the galaxy. Molecular clouds have a characteristic filamentary structure that is omnipresent across the ISM within both star forming regions … Read more

Abstract Desalinization was researched for its feasibility as a long-term solution to current and future water demands worldwide. After briefly describing the two primary desalinization processes, thermal processes and reverse osmosis, several environmental and financial issues were evaluated for their impact on the feasibility of desalinization. Specifically, chemical waste disposal, brine effluent disposal, energy consumption, … Read more

Introduction Cells are the beating hearts of living, breathing organisms especially for us humans as cells are vital to our daily functions and help us to survive even at a microscopic level. Although some cells have different shape and sizes may it be plant cells like chloroplast mesophyll in the leaves of plants or even … Read more

Host-Directed Therapy (HDT) is a revolutionary way to boost a patient’s immune system in order to fight different diseases that modern medicine and medical procedures are having trouble with. In this current age, the creation and approval of drugs is an extremely difficult and long process, resulting in a shortage of drugs. Furthermore, most of … Read more

The energy losses in pipes and fittings experiment was conducted by Rylan Verge, Alice Huang, Erin Agbay, and William Olmsted. The purpose of this experiment was to develop an understanding of pressure losses in pipe flow. According to the memo, the team is part of a large consulting firm that is tasked with predicting the … Read more

Theory Much of what surrounds us relies on a few, simple chemical concepts, one of them, whose rules dictate my experiment, is the concept of rate and order of chemical reactions. The question in which my work is based is: how these two things, rate and order of reactions, are affected by both a change … Read more

Past Abstract Wolbachia are a genera of alpha-proteobacteria, and infect the cell cytoplasm of over 80% of Lepidoptera species. The endosymbionts can alter host physiology, causing cytoplasmic incompatibility and female-biased sex ratios. This would reduce the fitness of the host population, and potentially hinder conservation efforts. This would be particularly problematic if virulent strains could … Read more

Introduction: Thousand of years ago simple mathematics started with simple numbers being added and subtracted, then multiplied and divided. Now today, math has grown into complex functions and theories that are seen everywhere in different types of dimensions. Knowledge in math has greatly advanced since the beginning and Euclid was one of the many mathematicians … Read more

Bisphenol A, also known as BPA, is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant. BPA is a polymerizing agent that is commonly found in items such as plastics, store receipts, dental adhesive, and lining of beverage and food cans.3 Six billion pounds per year are produced worldwide, which is prevalent in aquatic life as well.4 The Environmental Protection … Read more

Over the past few decades, genetics has become essential in calculating the arrival time of the first migrations into present day America as well as determining the genetic composition of these first inhabitants. While the archaeological record is demonstrably useful in the reconstruction of migration patterns, a bias exists which poses that the likelihood of … Read more

Introduction Plasmids are so helpful and important to understanding about genes in the field genetic. Fragment of DNA can ligate to plasmid vector to create a recombinant expression plasmid. In 1973, recombinant plasmid DNA was first achieved by Boyer and Cohen at Stanford University, California. In the beginning of this experiment, we will create a … Read more

Introduction Bacteria are very diverse organisms, and their diversity is the reason multiple different tests and differences need to be taken account of in order to identify specific species. Some identification is based on morphological differences between bacteria, like: cell size, shape, color, colony shape, surface appearance, elevation, and colony edge shape. Other than by … Read more

Abstract This is an attempt to try and find the relationship between the heat radiated by a disc brake and the time it takes to stop, at difference brake forces. I did this by using a horizontally rotating disc with a model of a frictional brake, measuring the change in temperature with an infrared thermometer. … Read more

DNA methylation only occurs on DNA base cytosine where a methyl group is added to the C base to produce 5-methylcytosine as shown in Figure 2. This causes DNA to be more compact which makes the target gene less accessible and therefore reduces gene expression, which is shown in Figure 1. If a large amount … Read more