Chapter 1
1.0 Introduction
This project is a project that could have a major impact in generating electricity in the world. Wave energy is used as a generator of electricity with use of magnetic flux system. This project also is more to research study of the use of energy in sea waves as electricity generators in the future.
These projects uses the concept of a bicycle dynamo as a guide but have been modified using a linear movement. Therefore, the system used is still the same, only the movement of the cutting flux is different. The most important requirement in this project is the wave energy and magnetic flux systems.
This project is a project where wave energy plays a role in crusting or ensures the project runs. Wave energy is a renewable energy whereby we capture the energy that is being generated naturally by waves. Waves get their energy from the wind passing over the surface of the sea as well and can transmit their energy over long distances with little degradation; wave energy is considered a significant renewable energy resource.
Besides wave energy, the system uses the magnetic flux as the most important component in generating voltage. Flux is the presence of a force field in a specified physical medium, or the flow of energy through a surface. In electronics, the term applies to any electrostatic field and any magnetic field. Flux is depicted as lines in a plane that contains or intersects electric charge poles or magnetic poles. The magnetic field generated by the magnet is based on the size and strength of the magnetic field is in it.
From this project harsh view, the wave energy is as a magnet system that moves up and down is used to cut the copper contained in the magnetic flux system. This project uses wave energy as a renewable energy source to generate voltage. With this wave generation costs or moves the project is not required but is capable of producing its own voltage and power consumption of small capacity. This project is capable of producing a new energy in the electrical field; this energy is able to accommodate a number of areas around the ocean. Of this project may be able to save or reduce the cost of generating electricity.
1.1 Synopsis
This project that can change the way of new energy production. Since time immemorial there are people who use water and wave them as a source of energy such as thermal energy. In thermodynamics, thermal energy refers to the internal energy present in a system by virtue of its temperature. The average translational kinetic energy possessed by free particles in a system of free particles in thermodynamic equilibrium (as measured in the frame of reference of the center of mass of that system) may also be referred to as the thermal energy per particle. Therefore, this project uses existing wave energy as a source of move. The wave energy can be considered as the engine that drives the oil, likened the wave energy worksheets move this system.
The project description taken from various technologies abroad, but a picture is taken is not used 100%. Moreover, the picture is taken in addition to the initial description of the project. Sample design is taken from Columbia country. “Columbia is developing new technologies that will generate energy between one and three miles offshore where the available wave energy is greatest. The company says that this direct drive system, which avoids the use of pneumatic and hydraulic conversion steps, is more efficient, reliable, easier to maintain, and is therefore the most likely to deliver the lowest cost of energy. Currently, the company research is focusing on point absorbers, direct coupling of the wave motion to the generator, innovative use of permanent magnets, reducing the number of moving parts, and minimizing the number of conversion steps and associated losses.”
The design which used to take the example of a technology that is already available. This project is only taken an overview of the technologies of foreign countries such Columbia country. This design not only had drawn from the technology Columbia country even other countries that use wave power as an energy power. Project description will be updated gradually.
Figure 1 Wave Energy Plant in Columbia
We expect this project could have a major impact for our country, so in terms of energy production. The teeth of this project are a challenge for us, so what we did is capable of providing good returns for all.
1.2 Problem Statement
Electricity consumption is one of the most important energy sources after oil. These resources can facilitate labor for men. Therefore, this project is made to get or create a machine that can generate electricity. Use of this project can increase electricity generation at this time because all items requiring electricity as an energy source.
1) Source that renewable and reduce pollution (not use liquid for generate).
2) Reduce use of fossil fuel and natural gas.
3) Reduce the use of land.
1.3 Objectives
This project has some of its own objectives; each project requires a number of objectives that the project did not run away from the goal. This objectives just more to do the research about the wave energy.
1) Design the magnetic flux diagram for wave energy machine.
2) Fabricated the magnetic flux system to harvest wave energy.
3) Design, fabricated and record a mini scale of wave energy machine.
1.4 Scope
For this project, the magnetic flux is used in linear motion in contrast to the existing system on a bicycle dynamo uses rotating movements. The scope of the project must not be run from the system’s magnetic flux. This project should not be mixed or taking other systems such as turbine, because it ran out of the original title of this project. These projects have to use wave energy as a prime mover for this project because the project is related to the wave and other materials used for moving the project is prohibited.
1.5 Outline Layout
For chapter 1, chapter tells about the early description of the project. Any problems that arise must have been designed, therefore this thing play a role in knowing the problems that will arise from this project. In addition, the guidelines and objectives of this project are recorded in the trick done this thing so as not deviated from its original purpose.
In chapter 2, this chapter deals with the magnetic flux and wave energy usage history. Previous projects that use the same system as an example and a guide for completing this project. Therefore, this chapter recounts the existing system on the project and serves as a guide. There are examples of other projects can be used as a reference, especially in the field of theory.
In addition to the chapter 3 tells the story of the operating system. How the system is run and pad operation will be told about this. Therefore, this thing is very important as a public reference in this chapter because everyone can know how this system operates. It also tells about the activities undertaken to complete this project step by step.
The chapter 4 is relating to the result that has been achieved. This chapter is also very important to ensure that this project does achieve what they want and this chapter also tells about discussions on the result. And make a comparison with what is desired.
Finally, chapter five, this chapter relating to the conclusion reached on this project. This chapter tells us that this project is or fail according to what is desired. The conclusion must be taken with regard to result in chapter 4 and conclusions for the whole project. A proposal on this project is also attached to this chapter.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
2.0 History
Wave energy has been used before since 70’s. This indicates that the ancients were trying to use wave energy to power them. We do the research about history of wave energy in website. We can look the people from 70’s and 80’s try to use wave energy to generate the electricity, we can use their research but we need to update or upgrade their mechanism equivalent with current developments.
What we knows, wave energy will be category in renewable energy. The first known patent to use energy from ocean waves from the 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard family. An early application of wave power was created around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to supply the electricity in their house at Royan, near Bordeaux in France. It appears that this was the first oscillating water-column type of wave-energy device. From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in the UK alone.
Yoshio Masuda’s do the experiments in the 1940s to create the modern scientific pursuit of wave energy. He do various experiment of wave energy devices at sea, with several hundred units used to power navigation lights. Among these was the concept of extracting power from the angular motion at the joints of an articulated raft, which was proposed in the 1950s by Masuda.
A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil crisis in 1973. A number of university researchers re-examined the potential to generate energy from ocean waves, among whom notably were Stephen Salter from the University of Edinburgh, Kjell Budal and Johannes Falnes from Norwegian Institute of Technology (now merged into Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Michael E. McCormick from U.S. Naval Academy, David Evans from Bristol University, Michael French from University of Lancaster, Nick Newman and C. C. Mei from MIT.
Stephen Salter’s 1974 invention became known as Salter’s duck or nodding duck, although it was officially referred to as the Edinburgh Duck. In small scale controlled tests, the Duck’s curved cam-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity giving 81% efficiency.
Figure 2 Salter’s Duck
In the 1980s, as the oil price went down, wave-energy funding was drastically reduced. Nevertheless, a few first-generation prototypes were tested at sea. More recently, following the issue of climate change, there is again a growing interest worldwide for renewable energy, including wave energy.
From this history, United States do a lot experiment to use wave energy for generate the electricity. This project can be making sure the electricity will never end. Wave energy can’t be destroying, so the electricity will generate forever when this prototype can be successful. This project information will take from website link at references website number (9.
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Overview
Even further in the past, waves represented an enormous potential source of renewable energy. In the middle ages (1200-1500 AD) farmers used trap sea water in mill ponds and use it to power water mills as the tide dropped. Over the years, engineers have begun to look at harvesting wave power on a larger, industrial scale, but work on harvesting wave energy took a serious turn after the oil embargo in 1972. According to the predictions, such technology will produce electricity which will be cheaper than traditional energy generation methods and also more cost-efficient than other renewable energy has decreased over the past 10 to 15 years and ongoing technological developments mean the predicted cost of wave energy are continually being reduced.
2.1.2 Theory for this project
Magnetic Flux Theory
All magnets, no matter what their shape have two regions called magnetic poles with the magnetism both in and around a magnetic circuit producing a definite chain of organized and balanced pattern of visible lines of flux around it. These lines of flux are collectively referred to as the magnetic field of the magnets. The shape of this magnetic field is more intense in some parts than others with the area of the magnet that has the greatest magnetism being called poles. At each end of magnets is a pole.
These lines of flux will called a vector field cannot be seen by the naked eye, but they can be seen visually by using iron fillings sprinkled onto a sheet of paper or by using a small compass to trace them out. Magnetic poles are always present in pairs, there is always a region of the magnet called North pole and their opposite region is called South pole.
Magnetic fields are always shown visually as lines of force that given a definite pole at each end of the material where the flux lines are more dense and concentrated. The lines which go to make up a magnetic field showing the direction and intensity are called Lines of Force or more commonly Magnetic Flux and for more about the lines of forces at 2.2.2.3 Magnetics Lines of Forces.
Theory Behind Ocean Waves
Many of us are familiar with the concept that energy from ocean waves can be used for useful work including electricity generation, water desalination and pumping reservoir water. However, the theory of the waves is often poorly understood because it is hardly necessary to point out that a strong knowledge of how ocean wave’s work.
Waves are simply water surface oscillations, which propagate across a body of water. They are an every time and everyday phenomenon; easily produce by a stone thrown into a pond. Though in nature waves can take on very different forms, they will all have the same basics properties. These are:
Wavelength: Distance from one crest to the next crest
Peak or Crest: The higher point of a wave
Trough: The lowest point of a wave
Height: Difference between trough and crest
Period: Time take for one wave to pass a fixed point
Frequency: Number of waves per second that pass a fixed point
Velocity: Speed with which the waves are moving past a fixed point
Steepness: The ratio of height to width
Figure 3 Waves Diagram
2.2 Application / Case Study
From the statistic uses the electrical in Malaysia, the statistic shows a relatively high increase for the electrical uses in Malaysia. Electrical is the one important source for the daily life. All the equipment for this this century needs the electrical to run.
From this statistic, this statistic will show the value of uses electrical in Malaysia. The value for Electric power consumption (kWh) in Malaysia was 122,124,000,000 as of 2011. As the graph below shows, over the past 40 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 122,124,000,000 in 2011 and a minimum value of 3,464,000,000 in 1971. From the statistic will show it the increase of the user will adding year by year. For more information links at references website number (10.
2.2.1 Magnet
Magnet is one of the important material is used to generate electricity. In this project, magnet is a one important component to ensure the cutting flux occurs. For this project are using the strength of each magnet in 2400Gs. For one pipe, uses in 8 magnet and strength of magnet will be total in 19200Gs. Type of magnet is button magnet, this project are using button magnets for this system. The material of this magnets are using type of magnets is Neodymium, because in the market Neodymium is the strong magnets for now.
Neodymium magnets (sintered NdFeB) are more powerful than any other permanent magnet material on the market today. Neodymium magnets have a somewhat lower maximum operating temperature than any other types of magnetic materials, so this should be considered when choosing a grade. All neodymium magnets oxidize fairly rapidly when exposed, so an anti-corrosive coating(usually electroplating) is used to extend their useful lifespan.
2.2.1.0 Operation for Flux Will Cut
For this project, wire will be a permanent and magnets will move to make the cutting flux. When magnets move, the coil will cut the magnetic field and linked the flow of current in coil. The value of current will generate depend on the how many magnets will moves to cut the field of magnets. For the factor of this operation can look at 4.1.1 Factor of current flow.
2.2.1.1 Magnetic Field
A magnetic field consists of imaginary lines of flux coming from moving or spinning electrically charged particles. Examples include the spin of a proton and the motion of electrons through a wire in an electric circuit.
Figure 5 Magnetic field or lines of flux of a moving charged particle
2.2.1.2 Magnetic Lines Of Force
Just as an electric filed is described by drawing the electricity lines of force, in the same way magnetic field is described by drawing the magnetic lines of force. When a small north magnetic pole is placed in the magnetic field created by a magnet, it will experience a force. And if the North pole is free, it will move under the influence of magnetic field. The path traced by a North magnetic pole free to move under the influence of a magnetic field is called a magnetic line of force. In other words, the magnetics lines of force are the lines drawn in a magnetic field along which a North magnetic pole would move.
The direction of a magnetic line of force at any point gives the direction of the magnetic force on a North Pole placed at that point. Since the direction of magnetic line of force is the direction of force on a North Pole, so the magnetic lines of force always begin on the North pole of a magnet and end on the South pole of the magnet.
2.2.2 Copper
Copper is familiar for the electrical student and copper has been used in electric wiring since the invention of the electromagnet. Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. For the familiar used in daily life in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, electronic circuitry and countless types of electrical equipment. Copper will function to make the electrical contact and flow the one point to another point. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors.
Figure 6 Copper
In this project, copper is function to cut the magnetic flux. Copper is just one of the materials to flow the electricity into electrical circuit. This copper will be one of the important materials same like magnets in this project. This material can make sure the magnetic flux system can be function.
There are many types of copper, for this project the copper will use is in class 3. The name of this copper is nickel silicon chromium copper, for this class is very suitable for this project between another class. For this system, a piece of pipe will spin the copper in 300 turns. Size of copper using in this system is 0.8mm. Number of turns is very important because each of the turns of copper will be function to cut the magnetic flux. We using in 4 pipes in this system, so we will get in 1200 turns for this project. This material is very expensive, depend on the market price.
2.2.3 Waves Energy
Waves move water and energy from one area to another. Waves located on the ocean’s surface are commonly caused by wind transferring its energy to the water, and big waves, or swells, can travel over long distances. A wave’s size depends on wind speed, wind duration and the area over which the wind is blowing.
Figure 7 Ocean Wave
2.2.4 Connection of Prototype
To choose the connection between parallel and series circuit, the experiment must do to know the best of connection for this project. The connection from magnetic flux system to boost circuit is very important for this project because the result of output will be effect. The result for the connection will be look at 4.0 Result.
The law of parallel circuit is the value of voltage at all paths is same and when one of the magnetic flux systems down, another system will run. For series circuit the value of total voltage is add all the output from magnetic flux system. For this project the best choice for the connection is series circuit.
2.2.5 Step Up Circuit (Boost Converter)
For step up the voltage from the magnetic flux system, we used the boost converter to step up my voltage to get the higher voltage from the input. This circuit is important because the voltage what will be generate from this project get is very low so this circuit will be function to increase the voltage. The voltage will get is very low, so this circuit is needed to increase the voltage. This booster will be step up the voltage from 1.5V – 2.6V.
Figure 8 Boost Converter Circuit
For this project, this circuit is not efficient and may not be practical for the low voltage micro generators. This circuit’s will presents an efficient AC to DC power converter that avoids the bridge rectification and directly converts the low AC input voltage to the required high DC output voltage at a higher efficiency. Detailed analysis of the converter is carried out to obtain relations between the power, circuit parameters and duty cycle of the converter.
2.2.6 Potentiometer
This component is used in boost circuit. Potentiometer can help to increase or decrease the voltage in control their shaft. So from this component can be easy to this project to get the voltage what we want. We use this component for control the value of voltage output.
Figure 9 Potentiometer
Figure 10 Symbol of potentiometer
Potentiometer is a small sized electronic component whose resistance can be adjusted manually. Increasing or decreasing the value of resistance controls the amount of current flowing in a circuit. The potentiometer is used in various electronics such as volume knob in music systems. Conductive strip helps the potentiometer to carry the current into the circuit in accordance with the resistance.
2.2.7 Rectifier
Figure 11 Symbol of rectifier
In this project, in this circuit rectifier is the important component to make sure the current will flow in output is constant. These projects use this component at all 4 pipes at magnetic flux system to get the stable polarity. This component is very important because the magnetic flux in this system is not perfect because when the magnet moves up the current flow will produce a positive charge while the magnet moves down the negative charge which will come out anyway. Therefore, give out in this system is not the same then the rectifier is one component that could stabilize the charge out in constant.
A rectifier is an electrical device composed of one or more diodes that converts AC to DC. A diode is like a one way valve that allows an electrical current to flow in only one direction. This process is called rectification.
2.2.8 Prospect
For the platform, this material will be uses for this project, because this material water proof and easy to use. The thickness of this Prospect is 5mm and the size of this platform in 18inch – 11inch. We use drilled to build the hole at the prospect surface.
2.2.9 Size of Product
For this project, is used the pipe as leg and size of pipe use is 1/ 1/2inch. Because pipe can be water proof and not easily broken. For the size of this prototype is height in 2ft, length in 2.5ft and width in 1.3ft. The connector ‘T’ will use to connect the pipe and the size is 20mm. To connect the site with prospect (platform) be using the tank connector in size 20mm. The hole must be drilled in right size (20mm).
2.2.10 Circuit
This project uses 1 booster for 1 station generator. Because for linear movement, if the circuit in a series circuit impending minus and additions to output. This situation will reduce the amount of output. CAUTION if in series circuit the result what will get in this project will be able in average output of 2.0mV-3.5mV after the boost. So from this result we took the decision to use a separate circuit for each station generator.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
3.0 Methodology
Methodology is the chapter to describe the detail of the procurement and implementation of this project. All the method and skill must be combined together in order to make sure all the problem will solved and the objectives for this project will be achieved. This chapter is the technique that has been used the period of the project improvement. All the method must be used to make sure the project will be achieving. Gantt chart is the most important for this project to make sure all the work do in time, and the flowchart can give more to operation and information about this project.
3.1 Methodology 1 Work Process
All the process for this project will follow all the planning as has been made. All the thing will do must be following this planning. These projects follow the work step by steps.
3.1.0 STEP 1 (Planning)
Planning is the first step before doing any work. For this project without planning all the things can be hard to do because this project do not knows when to start and the steps for doing the project. All the work must be do it follow the flow because when works do not follow the steps what will be planned all the works can be difficult to do. For the planning this project can be look at 3.2 Gantt Chart and 3.1.2 Work Flowchart.
3.1.2 Work Flowchart
3.1.2.0 FYP Flowchart Registration
3.1.2.1 FYP General Work
3.1.2.2 FYP Work Overall Implementation
3.1.3 STEP 2 (Do the Research)
When this project will start, second step after do the planning is do the research. The entire project needed to do the research before start the project because from the research all the information and knowledge will get from the research. This project need do the research because this project needs a theory to complete the task. The theory will shows at 2.1.2 Theory for this project.
3.1.4 STEP 3 (Do the design)
Software AUTOCAD will use to create the design for this project. This software is very easy to use depend on the others software. The latest design for this project will show at 3.1.4.0 Design. This design is the final design when multiple designs before it need to be changed on the basis of stability and others. Size of this design is 18” x 11” x 16.5” (inch).
3.1.4.0 Design
Figure 13 Model
Figure 14 Top View
Figure 15 Front View
Figure 16 Side View
3.1.5 STEP 4 (Buy the Material and Component)
This step must be doing before do the fabrication works. All the material and Component to be used in the project must be purchased before doing fabrication work. The entire bill is:
Table 1 Table of Bill Material
No. Name of Component/Material Quantity Price for Each
(RM) Price (RM)
1 Magnet Neodymium
– Strength (2400Gs)
– Size (13mm) 32pcs 1.33 42.56
2 Copper
– Size (0.8mm) 40m 2.50 100.00
3 Copper
– Size (0.8mm) 1kg 155.00 155.00
4 Pipe PVC
– Size (1/ 1/2inch) 4m 2.50 10.00
5 PVC Socket
– Size (20mm) 8pcs 0.75 6.00
6 PVC Tank Connector
– Size (20mm) 8pcs 2.08 16.64
7 Electrical Connector
– Size (0.3mm) 16pcs 0.20 3.20
8 Prospect
– Size (18inch x 11inch)
– Thick (5mm) 1 68.00 68.00
9 Mounting Board
– Size (0.3m x 0.4m) 1 3.00 3.00
10 Spray ANCHOR
– Color Black 1 6.50 6.50
11 Hot Glue Gun Bullet
– Size (1mm) 4 4.00 4.00
12 PVC Connector T
– Size (20mm) 8 1.13 9.04
13 Wire Jumper
– Single Core
– Size (0.2mm) 2 0.50 1.00
14 Rectifier
– B250C 4 2.50 10.00
15 Boost Circuit
– 1.5V-2.6V 1 30.00 30.00
TOTAL(RM) 452.56
3.1.6 STEP 5 (Drilling the Prospect)
Figure 17 Drilling
After the entire material have, this project will start to drill the prospect to get the holes. This step is to build a platform for this project. The electronic driller will be used to create the holes at prospect. The size of punch point size is 20mm accurate for the size of holes to obtain the desired size of prospect is 20mm. All holes were drilled on this prospect according to the size of the same size.
3.1.7 STEP 6 (Cutting the pipe)
Figure 18 Cutting Pipe
The base material of this project is PVC pipe. Pipe is material will not be damaged when exposed to water. So this material be used the excessed of PVC pipe in water.
The size of pipe is 1 ½ inch. Saw will be use to cut the pipe. It depends on the length of the pipe where the pipe is to be used. The size of pipe for magnetic flux system is 6”inch. The size of base is 15” x 8” x 16.5” (inch).