Many nano minerals are used for enhancing the bioavailability of minerals in livestock industry. In animals, zinc has an important role playing in reproductive function as its presence in FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leutinizing hormone). It is a component of the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase carbonic anhydrase, ribonuclease, DNA Polymerase and the antioxidant copper zinc superoxide dismutase. Addition of nano zinc drastically reduced somatic cell count (SCC) in subclinical mastitis cow and improved milk production than macro zinc oxide [14]. It also increased the weight of early weaned piglets. [15]
1.2 Introduction
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most important semiconductor materials in the live sciences since it has numerous applications, particularly in the field of optoelectronics, because of its excellent optic and ultraviolet properties, high electric conductivity and good thermal and chemical stability.[9] Even though several methods of synthesis were used for ZnO preparation, it is still difficult to control the size and shape in a simple way. Among the famous method of synthesising ZnO, sonochemical synthesis has become a routine method for preparing a wide variety of nanostructured materials. Different properties of the ZnO would be controlled varying factors like sonication out power, chemical species or pH value in the reaction mixture. [10]
Nano ZnO have high surface to volume ratio i.e. increased number of atoms per unit volume. It takes up the proportion of atoms at the surface and hence increases its relative proportion inside the prescribed volume. They can be easily absorbed from the intestine and can go everywhere in the animal body and interferes with subcellular mechanisms [16]. A number of synthetic routes have been employed to synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, such as sol-gel method, spray pyrolysis method, physical vapour deposition, precipitation, solvothermal and hydrothermal method [17].
The act of adding nanoparticles to obtain materials of novel properties has been a current trend in textile coating and finishing. Nanoparticles behave differently from bulk materials of its composition due to their small size and resultant large surface area. The other useful advantages of nanoparticles are the need of smaller amounts of active product and the requirement of its uniform distribution in coatings. Research on ZnO based nanostructures has drawn extensive attention in the last few years as a multi-functional material due to its versatile properties such as UV absorption, near UV and visible (green, blue and violet) emission, optical transparency, electrical conductivity and antibacterial properties. Those nanoparticles have so many areas of applications in sensors, drug-delivery, cosmetics, optical and electrical devices, photovoltaic devices and solar cells. The use of nanoparticles of ZnO has been seen as a possible solution to stop infectious diseases due to their antimicrobial properties. Many researchers work in the field of ZnO nanoparticles synthesis and their application to textile materials where ZnO nanoparticles have been used for imparting antibacterial properties, UV-blocking and self-cleaning properties to textile materials [4–7]. The main problem when coating textiles with formulations containing nanoparticles is the control over the dispersion and surface distribution of the nanoparticles. If agglomeration occurs, the actual particle sizes lie in the range of several micrometers or even higher, so that the typical properties of nano sized object might be lost. The particles properties no longer behave like nanomaterials [1].
There are usually two possible ways for preparing coatings of textile materials with Nanosized particles. One is ex situ, e.g initially the nanoparticles are synthesized and then applied over a textile material [18]. Agglomeration is prevented by stabilization of the nanoparticles with a high molecular binding agent during the preparation of the nanoparticles and their application over fabric. Chitosan [19], acrylicbinder [20, 21] or soluble starch [22] is used as a binding agent. The other method, which ensures the more uniform distribution of nanoparticles, is in situ preparation and binding to a textile surface. ZnO nanostructures were in situ synthesized on the surface of a cotton fabric through a simple and efficient wet chemical method of Shateri-Khalilabad et al. [23]. However, further agglomeration is observed when using the approach they proposed. The synthesized particles are in two different structures: bundle-like and flower-like, and are composed of a few rods. This is the reason for the actual particle sizes to be higher than 100 nm or even in the range of several micro metres. To prevent the agglomeration there is need of a stabilizing agent [24]. For the past decade the different synthetic methods have been used to attain precise control over the properties of ZnO and the other nanoparticles, to attain the required properties, hydrogels are introduced.
Hydrogels are cross linked polymer networks that absorb substantial amounts of aqueous solutions. Hydrogels can be divided into two categories based on the chemical or physical nature of the crosslink junctions. Chemically cross linked networks have permanent junctions, while physical networks have transient junctions that arise from either polymer chain entanglements or physical interactions such as ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions. Hydrogels are water swollen, cross-linked polymeric structures produced by the simple reaction of one or more co-monomers, physically cross-linked from entanglements, association bonds such as hydrogen bonds or strong van der Waals interactions between chains or crystallites bringing together two or more macromolecular chains. Hydrogels have received significant attention because of their exceptional promise in biomedical applications.
There have been successfully used in biomedical fields due to their high water content and the consequent biocompatibility. Successful examples include soft contact lenses [26] wound dressings6, superabsorbent [29-31], and drug-delivery systems. The most recent and exciting applications of hydrogels are cell-based therapeutics [32] and soft tissue engineering. The biomaterial used to grow the first living, tissue-engineered skin product was a collagen hydrogel. Although the success of skin tissue engineering is encouraging, efforts to engineer other soft tissues have not achieved similar success. The progress in large measure is limited by inappropriate properties of the biomaterials currently available [33].
In the recent years, the use of nanoparticles in antimicrobial applications has gradually increased as they are one of the promising means in coping with antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticle metal oxides are a new class of important materials that every day is being increasingly developed in research and health-related spheres [33]. Although in vitro antibacterial activity and efficacy of ZnO have been investigated, little is known about the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles [34]. It has been shown that ZnO nanoparticles have very high toxicity to bacteria but exhibit minimal effects
on human cells. After attaching to the cell membranes ZnO nanoparticles disturb the activities of microbes particularly permeability and respiration. Another possibility could be stimulation of intercellular reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a strong oxidizing agent harmful to bacterial cells. It has also been reported that ZnO can be activated by UV and visible light to generate highly reactive oxygen species such as OH−, H2O2 and O22−. The negatively charged hydroxyl radical and superoxides cannot penetrate into the cell membrane and are likely to remain on the cell surface, whereas H2O2 can penetrate into bacterial cells [8].
In this work we prepared Hydrogel of PVA cross linked with N,N_-methylenebisacrylamide (bis-AAm), and the hydrogel produced is mixed in different concentrations of ZnO to hydrogel ratio and their respective anti microbial activities are observed. We used small amount of cross linker to ensure low degree of polymerization and high water uptake in order to obtained superabsorbent polymers whose swelling behaviour will match the bandaged to be use to promote wound healing property.
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