Literature Review
2.1 this chapter presents the state of knowledge and literature review about the effect of thermal shock due to rapid cooling on the recycled glass concrete, furthermore the thermal conductivity of the recycled glass concrete.
Glass as waste material is discussed in section 2.1, using waste glass in concrete is discussed in section 2.2, the influence of thermal shock in concrete is discussed in section 2.3,and performance of glass and concrete under elevated temperature are discussed in section 2.4.
Section 2.1 : Using Glass as Waste Material :
Waste glass has become a significant issue these days over all the world, new methods of recycling need to be improved to make sure that we don’t run out room for storage. Because glass is non-biodegradable material, so it’s not a good option to add it to landfill, to solve this problem there are another good option, this option is depend on using waste glass instead of natural materials in the construction industry because we could have a lot of benefits such as: conserving natural resource, disposing of waste materials and freeing up valuable land for other uses. Glass can be recycled many times without changing its chemical properties NAHB Research Centre (2001). Glass can be found in different forms: jars, bottles, windows, windshields, cathode ray tubes, ets. These products have limited life and must be used or recycling in order to avoid environmental problem ,due to their stockpiling or land filling. (Du and Tan, 2013)
Du, H. and Tan, K. (2013). Use of waste glass as sand in mortar: Part II ‘ Alkali’silica reaction and mitigation methods. Cement and Concrete Composites, 35(1), pp.118-126.
Section 2.2: Using Waste Glass in Concrete:
Concrete is one from the most important construction materials, it’s consists from cement , fine aggregate , coarse aggregate in addition to water with or without admixture chemically bound together by hydrated Portland cement. it is the most used man made construction material, during the last century due to fire resistant, withstand for both dead and live loads, maximum safety, flexibility in design, exceptional aesthetic possibilities. According to Jayanandana and Jayasinghe (1998), Jayanandana, A. D. C., and Jayasinghe, M. T. R. (1998). Design of high strength concrete with locally available materials (Unpublished master’s thesis.). University of Moratuwa. As a result, the concrete industry become one of the biggest consumers of natural resources specifically sand, gravel, rock and water. Numerous environmental problems and natural disasters are occurred because of the high extraction of natural resources. also consumes natural resources at a huge amount.
In order to make concrete industry sustainable, the recycled and waste material must be used in a place of natural resources, Due to that, researchers were focused on recycled materials for future development, while protecting the environment. Low cost, availability and simple process to recycle, glass concrete applications could be significantly applied in the construction industry. ”
Waste management becomes a major issue for all countries in the world, glass as one of the waste has a special concern because as mentioned before it’s a non-biodegradable material. Natural sand is the best material to be used as fine aggregate till now. But continuous sand mining results in impure water in river which leads to an environment disaster so the recycled and waste material must be used in a place of natural resources, this approach is one of the best approaches. Huge amount of waste glass is generated in all the world. UK produces over three tons of waste glass annually .(WRAP, 2001). The Waste Resource Action Programme (WRAP) (2001)
Liang H., Zhu H. and Byars E (2007) showed that Waste glass is a main component of the solid waste in different countries, that’s leads to the increasing awareness of glass recycling that was the main reason in speeds up inspections to use the waste glass in different forms in various fields. Usage glass as aggregate was first reported 50 years ago, standard glass as coarse and fine aggregate for two cases , the first one study its effect on alki-silica reaction(ASR) also for decorative purposes, this research study the using of waste glass as aggregate, develop the concrete towards high architectural level besides its high performance. The paper showed that, glass is ideal material to use as decorative material, also it showed improvement in the aesthetic and performance of concrete.
Liang H., Zhu H. and Byars E., “Use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete”. 7th UK CARE Annual General Meeting. UK Chinese Association of Resources and Environment, Greenwich, 15 Sept, 2007.
(Carpenter and Cramer, 1999) reported that waste glass is crushed for different sizes for use in concrete as aggregate in various applications, such as water filtration , grit plastering , sand cover for sport turf and sand replacement in concrete.
Carpenter, A. and Cramer, S. (1999). Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Pavement Patch Concrete That Incorporates Highly Reactive Fine Aggregate. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1668, pp.60-67.
. ] Taha B, And Nounu G (2007) reported that Using glass as an aggregate in concrete isn’t a new idea, there are a lot of studies were carried out in the 1960s but interest however diminished. Recently because of climate change and renewed environmental concerns have reignited interests in the past few decades for more sustainable materials. Using recycled recycled glass as concrete component is new technology that need more studying and investigation to promote this application and confidently introduce the waste recycled glass to the construction market as an alternative for primary material [4 ] Taha B, And Nounu G (2007), Properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement, Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 713’720
Sellakutty, Dinesh & Preetha, R & Subhi, M. (2017) Experiments were carried out to evaluate the proportion of crush glass replaced the concrete, the tests results shows that 40% proportion of glass is the optimum value which gives the highest compressive and tensile strength . INVESTIGATION ON RECYCLED GLASS AS A REPLACEMENT FOR FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE. International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education. 2455-4200. 10.5281/zenodo.570519.
(ANWAR, 2016) studied the effect of using Glass as a pozolanic materials in concrete by using waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement , according to different proportion from 0% up to 50% by weight, concrete mixtures were tested and compared with respect to its compressive strength , tensile splitting strength and flexural strength at 28 days. Its observed that 10% of the waste glass is the optimum value because it reached 55.39 MPa compressive strength at 28 days compared with 7.52MPa for plain concrete. In term of tensile splitting strength, the optimum value of waste glass powder proportion as cement was 15% because it reached 6.88 at 28 days compared with 6.42 for plain concrete . however, the strength increase because of the pozzolanic action of glass powder. ANWAR, A. (2016). THE INFLUENCE OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AS A POZZOLANIC MATERIAL IN CONCRETE. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 7(6), pp.131’148.
Serniabat, T., Khan, M. and Rain, M. (2014). Use of Waste Glass as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete: A Possibility towards Sustainable Building Construction. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 8(10), pp.1075-1078. the case of study on using waste glass on Compressive strength of concrete were carried out by Serniabat, T., Khan, M. and Rain, M. (2014), crushed glass 5-20 mm and glass marble of 20 mm size are used as coarse aggregate. The tests shows that the mix having glass marble and glass beads reached the maximum compressive strength at 28 days which was 3889 Psi. glass beads perform better bond formation but lower compressive strength. This paper focuses on using glass as marble and beads in concrete production instead of coarse aggregate as partial replacement. The study shows the rough textures in glass provide better bond and better strength for concrete.
(Arora, 2015) case of study was depend mainly on using glass as partial replacement of cement, to study the pozzolane activity for fine glass in concrete, the glass powder replace cement by different percent 10%,20% and 30%. The paper concluded that using 20% glass powder could be incorporated as cement replacement in concrete, because the percent 20% gives the optimum compressive and flexural strength .
Arora, R. (2015). Determination of Compressive and Flexural Strength of Concrete Using Waste Glass Powder. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 19(3), pp.150-153.
The fresh and hardened properties of Portland cement concrete using recycled glass as partial replacement of coarse aggregates were carried out at ambient and elevated temperatures by Terro(2006); Shi and Keren (2007), and Sekar et al. (2011). Terro(2006) experiments indicated that the compressive strength of concrete made with recycled glass decreases up to 20% of its original value. Shi and Keren(2007) expressed that concrete made of 10% glass coarse aggregate replacement to natural coarse aggregate replacement, had better properties in the fresh and hardened concrete states at ambient and high temperatures than those with larger replacement. Based on the studies conducted on strength characteristics of concrete made with utilizing waste materials by Sekar et al.(2011), found that the compressive strength of concrete cubes made with glass concrete were found to be 16% and 26.34% lesser respectively than that the conventional concrete. It was also found that the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength results were similar to that of compression strength test results
Terro, M. J. (2006). Properties of concrete made with recycled crushed glass at elevated temperatures. Building
Environment, 41 (5), 633’672.
Shi, C., and Keren, Z. (2007). A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement and concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52 (2007), 234’247.
Sekar, T., Ganesan, N., and Nampoothiri, N. V. N. (2011). Studies on strength characteristics on utilization of waste materials as coarse aggregate in concrete. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 3 (7), 5436-5440.
2.3: The influence of thermal shock in concrete:
The thermal shock happens to concrete as the concrete exposed to high temperature then exposed to low temperature, as a result a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different amounts. Most researches data of residual strength after exposure to high temperature were obtained under conditions of natural cooling, but in the fact there are several cooling regimes, Jiangtao et al., 2014, studied the difference between two cooling methods, quenching in water and cooling in air, on the residual mechanical properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) subjected to elevated temperature up to 800”C. The ECC specimens were exposed to 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800”C. The unheated specimens were used as a reference. Different cooling regimens had a significant influence on the mechanical properties of postfire ECC specimens. The mechanical properties studied are compressive strength, stress-strain relationship, and stiffness, and microstructural properties via SEM analyses of ECC at room temperature and post fire specimens. The compressive strength can be divided into two cases: 23’200”C and 200’800”C. The strength starts to increase when the specimens exposed to temperature lower than 200”C. While for the second regime, 200’800”C, the compressive strength decreased monotonously with a drop of 61% at 800”C. The cooling regime of quenching in water helped the strength and stiffness recovery. At temperature no more than 200”C, ultimate stress increased with the increasing temperature, while, beyond 200”C, ultimate stress decreased with the increasing temperatures. The slope of the relation between the temperature and the compressive strength decreases with the increase in exposure temperature up to 800”C, indicating a reduction in the stiffness of the ECC. Increasing the exposed temperature level tends to the ductile nature of ECC to brittle nature.
Bazant and Kaplan, 1996 and Phan, 1996, showed that elevated temperature testing may take one of the following: stressed tests, unstressed tests or unstressed residual strength tests. For assessing post residual properties the unstressed residual strength tests are considered appropriate and natural as happens in most of the cases after fire is extinguished. It has been found that residual strengths are usually lower than the respective hot strengths because cooling induces and enhances the micro cracking that further decreases the residual strengths. After this fact has been ascertained, it has become customary to perform the tests after heating by cooling down the specimens naturally in air. So most of the research existing so far refers to test results performed after such slow cooling.
Balendran et al., 2003, compared the difference between two cooling methods quick cooling, quenching, against slow cooling in air, depend on the compressive strengths of high performance concrete, HPC. Concrete was subjected to temperatures of 100 ”C, 200”C, 400”C and 600”C. It was clear that the loss in compressive strength was more pronounced under quick cooling than slow cooling. The effect of quick cooling is dependent on a certain specific set of porosity of C-S-H and the degree of micro cracking that exists after a certain temperature exposure owing to the magnitude, duration and rate of heating. The research, hence, recommends carrying out further investigation to seek for the critical set of porosity and degree of micro cracking that is most vulnerable to quick cooling. Sarshar and Khoury, 1993, founded that the cooling which was done through water, has higher damage and loss in residual compressive strength as a result of quenching. The cooling effect by varying the cooling rates from 20 C/min to 500C/min but did not find out any significant difference. Contradiction to the work done by Ahmad et al., 1992, investigated the effect of cooling for normal strength concrete with w/c of 0.65 and concluded that there is no effect of cooling at temperatures below 200 ”C and water-cooling produced high residual values at temperatures above 200 ”C. Sidhu et al.,2014, studied the effect of cooled in air of concrete subjected to a high temperature , specimens made of M25 concrete mix were heated in the pit furnace to 250”C, 350 ”C, 450 ”C and 550 ”C. The experimental results indicated that, air cooling caused severe deterioration in compressive strength, and the percentage loss of compressive strength was higher at elevated temperatures. Luo et al., 2000, studied the cooling effect for HSC/HPC for the temperature range greater than 800”C and founded that there is no effect at temperatures above 800 ”C.
Peng et al., 2008, illustrated the effect of thermal shock due to rapid cooling on the mechanical properties of fiber concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Different cooling methods were used such as: natural cooling and quenching in water. The results from the experimental work showed that the thermal shock induced by water quenching caused more severe damage to concrete, compared with natural cooling, because there are greater losses in compressive strength, tensile strength, and fracture energy.
Kodur ,V. R and Raut -4.31′. 84, no. 2, pp: 23Volrnal, Jou
5- Jiangtao Yu, WenfangWeng, and Kequan Yu ,2014, ‘Effect of Different Cooling Regimes on the Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Composites Subjected to High Temperatures’ ,The Scientific World Journal,Vol 2014, pp: 7-22.
6-Ba”ant, ZP, Kaplan, MF & Bazant, ZP, 1996, Concrete at High Temperatures: Material Properties and Mathematical Models. Addison-Wesley, London.
7-Phan L.T., 1996,’Fire performance of high-strength concrete: a report of the state-of-the-art’, Rep. NISTIR 5934, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaitherburg P. 105.
8- Balendran ,R. V., Tang W. C., Nadeem ,A., Kamineni ,P. R., Maqsood,T., 2003, ‘effect of cooling methods on residual compressive strength of high performance concrete (HPC) subjected to elevated temperatures ‘ , 28th conference on our world in concrete & structures: 28 – 29 august 2003, singapore, pp: 23-24.
9-Sarshar, R. and Khoury G. A.,1993, ‘Material and environmental factors influencing the compressive strength of unsealed cement
paste and concrete at high temperatures’. Magazine of Concrete Research 1993, Vol 45, pp: 51-61.
10-Ahmed, A. E., AI-Shaikh, A. H. and Arafat, A. I., 1992,’ Residual compressive strength and bond strengths of limestone aggregate concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Magazine of Concrete Research 1992, Vol 44, pp: 117-125.
11- Sidhu, S.H., Kumar, R.A., Singh S.H. and Sidhu R.U, 2014, ‘Effect of Thermal Shocks on Compressive Strength of Heated Concrete Cooled In Air’, International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, Vol 2, Issue 2, pp: 37-40.
12-Peng, G.F , Bian, S.H Guo, Z.Q Zhao, J Peng, X.L Jiang, Y.C., 2008, “Effect of thermal shock due to rapid cooling on residual mechanical properties of fiber concrete exposed to high temperatures” , Construction and Building Materials ;Vol 22, Issue 5, pp:948-955.
13- Luo, x., Sun, W., and Chan, Y. N., 2000,’ Effect of heating and cooling regimes on residual strength and microstructure of normal strength and high performance concrete’. Cement and Concrete Research 2000, Vol 30, pp: 379-383.
2.4. Performance of Glass and Concrete Under Elevated Temperature:
Research into the performance of concrete exposed to fire and concrete structures has been conducted since at least 1922[1], Lea F & Stradling R. The resistance to fire of concrete and reinforced concrete. Engineering. 1922: 114(2959). Under normal conditions most concrete structures are exposed to a range of temperature no more severe than that imposed by environmental conditions. But in the fact, there are some cases where the concrete structures may be exposed to elveated temperatures (e.g., building fires and chemical and metallurgical applications in which the concrete is in close proximity to furnaces). The behavior of concrete in fire depends mainly on the mix proportions and constituents and is determined by complex physicochemical transformations during heating. Normal’strength concretes and high’performance concretes micro structurally have similar trends when heated, but ultra’high’performance concrete behaves differently. (Khoury G.A , 2000). Khoury, G.A (2000) ‘Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures’, Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2(1), pp. 429-447. Kodur. 2014, reported that the high temperatures have negative effect on the compressive strength of concrete, the compressive strength within temperature ranged from 20 to 400 ”C can be broadly maintained. The considerable loss in compressive strength occurs between 400 and 600 ”C, and most of the original compressive strength before heating may be lost from 600 to 800 ”C. Kodur, V (2014) ‘Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures’, ISRN Civil Engineering, 2014(1), pp. 1-15
In the following years a significant amount of investigations have been carried out worldwide to focus on the recycling of waste concrete. A lot of studies were mainly focused on the processing of failure of concrete, mix design process , and mechanical properties [2]. [2] J. Xiao, J. Li and Ch. Zhang: Materials and Structures, Vol. 39 (2006), p.655 but, only few researches studied the mechanical properties of recycled concrete at elevated temperatures. The pioneer research done by Teranishi et al. [3] [3] K. Teranishi, Y. Dosho, M. Narikawa and M. Kikuchi, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, edited by R.K. Dhir et al., p. 143, University of Dundee, Scotland, 11-12 November 1998. indicated that the residual compressive strength of the recycled aggregate concrete was somewhat lower than that of the natural aggregate concrete.
The interesting works conducted by Terro [5] showed the effects of the replacement of fine and coarse aggregates with recycled glass on the properties of concrete at elevated temperatures. He concluded that the compressive strength of recycled glass concrete decreased up to 20% of its original value with elevated temperatures up to 700”C. however, the fire investigations on lightweight concrete (LWC) [7], normal concrete (NC) [6], high-strength concrete (HSC) [8], and high-performance concrete (HPC) [9] revealed that there exist obvious differences in the fire damage of different types of concrete. With this motivation, the fire damage of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) has to be examined to gain a better understanding of the properties of recycled aggregate concrete.
[4] F. Hern”ndez-Olivares and G. Barluenga: Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34 (2004), p.109 [5] M.J. Terro: Buildings and Environment, Vol. 41(2006), p.633 [6] J. Xiao and G. K”nig: Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 39(2004), p. 89 [7] J.C.M. Forrest: International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, Vol.2 (1980), p.81 [8] L.T. Phan and N.J. Carino: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.10 (1998), p.58 [9] S. Chan, G. Peng and M. Anson: ACI Material Journal, Vol.96 (1999), p.405 [10] J. Xiao, J. Li and Ch. Zhang: Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35 (2004), p.1187 [11] Comit” Europ”en de Normalisation: prENV 1992-1-2: Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part1-2: Structural Fire Design. CEN/TC 250/SC 2 (1993) [12] Comites Euro-International Du Beton: Fire Design of Concrete Structures in Accordance with CEB/FIP Model Code 90. CEB Bulletin D’Information No. 208, Switzerland (1991).
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