CHAPTER – 1`
Introduction
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1.1 GENERAL
This chapter covers the history and background related to study. It also covers various advantages, disadvantages, necessity which led to the project study. It includes the main objectives of the project.
1.2 HISTORY OF PLASTIC
The world’s first fully synthetic plastic was Bakelite invented in New York in 1907 by LEO backland who invented the word ‘plastic’. The development of plastic has established the from the use of natural plastic materials (Eg: Chewing gum) to the use of chemically modified natural material (Eg: Nitrocellulose) is considered the first man made plastic it was presented at the 1862 great International Exhibition in London. In 1954 polystyrene (Use for building insulation, packing and cups) was invited by D O W chemical polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Discovery is credited to employees of the calico printers Association in the UK in 1941. It was license the to Dupont for the USA and ICI and as one of the few plastic appropriate as the replacement for glass in many circumstances, resulting in widespread use for bottles in Europe.
1.3 BACKGROUND OF PLASTIC
The first plastic based on polymeric (synthetic polymer) was made from penal and formalctehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invested in 1907. It was also an early thermosetting plastic these products are used for several purposes like hydraulic barrier, erosion control etc. They are also found to be economical solution toward the development.
The plastic includes a broad range of products which as follows:
Plastic scrap, PVC panel, polypropylene, pet strap, PTFE product, PET bottles scrap, polythene covers, polypropylene plastic etc.
The above list may not be complete as there are several new product introduce to the market very frequently.
1.4 NECESSITY AND REQUISITE
Plastic are having very diverse properties which it very versatile to use for altering properties of the soil and this will help to increase the life and stability of structure constructed and the roads made with the help of using plastic some of the important properties are listed below.
1.4.1 General Properties:
• To Resistance corrosion
• Resistance against the abrasion causing factor like excess soil water, abrasion due to tidal activities etc. Plastic have low electrical thermal conductivity
• There are special type of plastic available for the purpose of resistance against chemicals which can degrade soil composition.
• Plastic have resistance to shock
• Plastic also provide stability against water and have low toxicity. Special type of material are available with coating which doesn’t get affected due to excess water in contact
• Plastic are durable and can sustain for long life usually much more then the overall life expectancy of the structure due to which these can be best fit for altering soil property.
1.4.2 Hydraulic Properties:
• There are different types of plastic available according to the requirement and different permeability which help to pass the required water to the underground
• Plastic are much more usual to retain soil which can be made stable by the use of plastic
1.4.3 Performance Properties:
• Creep resistance is also one of the property of plastic which help It to sustain in adverse environmental condition.
• Plastic can also prove friction according need for different type of plastic can be chosen according to need.
• Plastic are highly stress as well as strain resistance which makes very important in terms of pavement and construction materials.
1.5 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Specification of plastic should cover
• Material should be selected according to the condition and demand of the work
• The selection should be done after a proper background study
• The design of plastic feasible and economical to achieve end goal
• The performance of the material should be optimum
• The material should be durable enough to last long in rough situation
• Holding and installation of the material should be efficient
1.6 ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• It is durable
• Cheaper in product cost
• It is lite in weight
• Consistence over a wide range of soil
• Better construction Quality of site
• Easy material deployment
• Increase safe factor
• Compatible with field condition
1.7 DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• It is made from none renewable resources.
• They are hazard to wild life animal if they are not dispose property.
• It clogs roadside drains which could cause flooding of street at heavy rainfall.
• Handling and installation must be assured by careful quality control and quality assurance in the soil.
• It requires skill and experience to apply a particular material for a particular purpose.
1.8 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
• Comparative Study between Normal Soil Sample and Sample with the use of appropriate Plastic waste Material(s) is the main Objective of our study.
• Appropriate Plastic waste Material(s) is the main Objective of our study.
• To enhance the CBR value of subgrade of road.
• To increase the bearing capacity of the soil.
• To reduce permeability of soil.
CHAPTER – 2
Literature review
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2.1 GENERAL
This chapter will deal with various literature referred for the understanding of the various problems related with village road construction activities. The literature review is classified based on the domains concerned.
2.2 LITERATURE STUDY
2.2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “IMPROVEMENT OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL USING WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)”, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 2017.
This paper is authored by Vinod Kumar Sonthwal, Jaswinder Singh & Jasvir S Rattan. This paper shows that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a versatile material with attractive characteristics and advantage. This paper shows the attempt made for utilization of waste fibre material produced from polyethylene which is also called (PET) for the enhancement of engineering properties of soil.
2.2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “IMPROVEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RED SOIL USING WASTE PLASTIC”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 48 Number 7 June 2017.
This paper is authored by P Suresh Chandra Babu, Pragyan Mishra. This paper shows the use of plastic bag strips in order to enhance the properties of red soil. It shows different test results conducted on red soil without adding waste plastic bag strips as additives and the results are compared by adding additives of waste plastic strips. It is found that the bearing capacity of soil increases after adding the additives of waste plastic.
2.2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “SOIL STABILIZATION USING PLASTIC STRIPS OF VARIED SIZES BY ENHANCING THE BEARING CAPACITY”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017.
This Paper is authored by Rituparna Das, Kankana Majhi, Champa Khatun, Arunabha Maiti. This paper shows how geosythetic materials are expensive for soil stabilization so, it has been replaced by reinforcement with plastic strips which will make construction process economical. The shear strength of fiber reinforced soil is improved due to the addition of the waste polymer fibers. Up to critical fiber content shear strength increases considerably and later small reduction is observed. However Shear values are greater than unreinforced soil.
2.2.4 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “SOIL STABILIZATION USING PLASTIC WASTE”, International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017
This paper is authored by Mamta Burike, Divya Patle, Sayli D Madavi, Suvarna Raut. This paper shows how black cotton soil creates problem for construction of any structure due to its swelling and shrinking properties as a result of change in moisture content. By using plastic wastes in proper proportion bearing capacity, CBR value of soil can be increased. It shows different test results conducted on black cotton soil without adding waste plastic strips as additives and the results are compared by adding additives of waste plastic strips. It is found that CBR value goes on increasing up to 4% plastic content and further it decreases with increase in plastic content.
2.2.5 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “STABILIZATION OF SOIL BY USING PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS AS A STABILIZER”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 08 |Aug -2016
This paper is authored by Prof. Harish, Ashwini HM. This paper shows how plastic bottle strips are used as additives in red soil as well as in black cotton soil for increasing shear quality of soil, bearing limit of soil, durability and strength of the soil. It is found that by adding plastic bottle strip in proper proportion in red soil and black cotton soil strength of soil is increased resulting the bearing ratio 2.9 for red soil and 3.3 for black cotton soil which is required.
2.2.6 LITERATURE REVIEW ON “SOIL STABILIZATION USING RAW PLASTIC BOTTLE”, Indian Geotechnical Conference December 15-17,2011, Kochi.
This paper is authored by Mariamma Joseph, Anas Ashraf, Arya Sunil, J. Dhanya, M. Veena, Meera Varghese. This paper shows detailed study on the possible use of plastic bottle for soil stabilization. Analysis was done by conducting plate load tests on soil with layers of plastic bottles filled with sand and bottles cut to halves placed at middle and one-third positions of tank. The comparison of test results showed that cut bottles placed at middle position were the most efficient in increasing strength of soil. The optimum percentage of plastic strips in soil was found out by California Bearing Ratio Test and using this percentage of plastic, plate load test was also performed.
CHAPTER – 3
MATERIAL STUDY
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3.1 GENERAL
This chapter will develop a general understanding for various materials. The materials will be studied and selected for the use in next semester.
3.2 POLYMIDES
Polyimide is a molecule with units repeating linked by or joined by amide bonds. It occurs artificially as well as naturally. The examples of natural polyimide are proteins such as wool and silk and artificially polyimide can be made with the help of step growth polymerization yielding materials such as nylons, aramids. The other polyimide is synthetic polyimides which is used in textiles, carpets and sport-wear due to high strength and durability. The major consumer of polyimide is transportation measuring industry which consume almost 35% o0f polyimide consumption.
3.3 POLYCARBONATES
This are the group of thermoplastic polymers which contain carbonate group in the structure of chemical. They are widely used in engineering due to its strong, tough material and some grades are transparent. They can be easily moulded, worked and thermoformed. Due to all these properties it was wide range of application. The products which are made from polycarbonate contain quantities of precursor monomer bisphenol A (BPA).
3.4 POLYESTER
Polyester comes in category of polymers which contains ester functional group in its main chain as a material, sometimes it also refers to type known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It contains naturally occurring chemicals such as in cutting of plastic cuticles. The natural polyester is biodegradable but most of the synthetic polyester are not biodegradable. Polyester is mostly used in clothing.
Polyester are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin, cancer, liquid crystal displays, holograms, film insulation for wire etc. Moreover, it is used on high quality wood products for finishing work such as guitars, pianos and vehicle interior.
The chemical structure of polyester can be thermoplastic or thermoset. The most common polyester is thermoplastic. The example of polyester include the desmophen brand from Bayer.
3.5 POLYETHYLENE
Polyethylene is the most common plastic. It is said that more than 100 million tonnes of polyethylene resins are generated annually. The main use of polyethylene is packing (Plastic bags, geo-membranes container including bottles). The chemicals equation of polyethylene is given as (C2H4)n. Usually polyethylene is mixer of polymer of ethylene with number of value of n. Polyethylene is naturally thermoplastic, but it can be modified and made thermoset plastic.
Polyethylene is classified in 3 different groups
1) High density polyethylene (HDPE)
2) Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
3) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
1) HDPE: It is the thermoplastic polyethylene which is made from petroleum. It is also known as “alkathene” which is used for pipes. It has a high strength to density ratio due to which it is used in production of plastic bottles, corrosion resisting pipe and plastic number. HDPE can be recycled and has number “2” as its resin identification code.
2) LDPE: It is also thermoplastic which is made from monomer ethylene. It is the first grade of polyethylene which was produced in 1933 by imperial chemical industries in which high pressure process was applied with the help of free radical polymerization. The competition between the other polymers, LDPE proves to be as important plastic grade.
3) PET: It is truncated as PET, PETE, or this obsolete PETP or PET-P, it is the common thermoplastic polymer of polyester group and is widely used in clothing, container for liquids and foods in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins.
3.6 POLYSTYRENE
It is a synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer made from monomer styrene. It can be solid or froth polystyrene is hard clear and it is brittle. It is bad barrier to oxygen and water naturally transparent. It’s uses include protective packing (For instance packing peanuts, CD and DVD cases). Container such as lids bottles, disposable cutlery etc.
It is a thermoplastic polymer reaches in solid state at room temperature but get melted when given heat above 100 *C it is also called class transition temperature.
3.7 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
It is truncated as PVC it is the world’s 3rd most widely manufactured synthetic polymer which is after polyethylene and polypropylene over 40 million tons are produced per annum. PVC has two different forms which is rigid and flexible the rigid PVC is used in construction of pipe and in application such as doors and windows. Sometimes it is used for making bottles, non-food packing and bank membership cards soluble in tetrahydrofuran but insoluble in alcohol.
3.8 POLYPROPYLENE
It is also called polypro Pere. It is thermoplastic polymer which is used in different places as different application. It is generated through polymerization from the monomer propylene. It comes in the group of polyolefin and sometime included in crystalline and non-polar. It has almost the same property as in polyethene, It is harder and high heat resistant. It is the second most widely produced products of plastic and it is generally used in packing and labelling. The market for polypropylene was about 55 million tonnes.
CHAPTER – 4
STUDY AREA
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4.1 GENERAL
This chapter will throw some light on the location where the study has been carried out. The general details for the area have been discussed.
4.2 INTRODUCTION
Anand district is managerial district of Gujrat state in western India and it is also known as charotar. It was sculpting from the Kheda district in 1997. It is connected by Kheda district to the north Vadodara district to the east Ahmedabad district to the west and gulf of Khambhat to the south. Anand is known as the milk capital of India.
4.3 LOCATION
Anand district is located between Ahmedabad and Vadodara on the western railways and 101 kilometres from the state capital Gandhinagar. The national express highway from Ahmedabad to Vadodara passes via Anand.
4.4 CLIMATE
Anand district has a tropical climate. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The temperature here average 27.2*C. In a year the average rainfall is 882mm. The main seasons prevailing in the district are :
1) Monsoon – Mid of June to October
2) Winter – November to February
3) Summer – March to June
4.5 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The district has come into existence on 2nd October 1997 on mahatma Gandhi’s birthday. Anand district spreads over an area of 2951 sq.km. Its geographical location is concerned. It is 72.15 to 73.18 east and 22.07 to 23.19 north.
4.6 SOIL
Based upon the work of soil survey organization of state government, the soil of the district is dominantly medium textured (Loamy) followed by fire clayey particles. The soil in the district are courser (sandy). The soil salinity in Anand are moderately saline. The soil sodality is slight sodic in Anand district.
4.7 SPECIFIC STUDY AREA
The site selected for the study was the Ratanpar Village Area of Umareth Taluka located 22 kms away from Anand.
The red marker indicates the place where soil sample is collected.
The depth of excavation was approximately 1 m to 1.5 m from the natural ground level.
CHAPTER – 5
Methodology
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5.1 GENERAL
This chapter will focus on the methodology adopted for the project work. This chapter will show the entire progress till date.
5.2 PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION
The initial step taken for the journey of project was analysing the current scenario. The boom in Village Road Construction was observed. The Village Road development activities have many challenges associated with it. The Major Problems are as follows:
• Low bearing capacity of soil, therefore, lacks safety
• Non uniform variation in soil mass
• Frequent settlement of road due to low bearing capacity of soil
After studying the problem, it was assessed to go for the improvement of soil so that safe road construction can be constructed. For that purpose, applying waste plastic materials as a reinforcement material can be a possible solution to enhance the soil properties.
5.3 TEST METHODS
The foremost step was to collect the sample from the site using the method of auger boring, investigating and categorizing the type of soil in the particular region. First basic experiments like “Swelling Index Test, Liquid Limit Test & Plastic Limit Test” were performed. Then the prime experiments were performed to obtain the “Maximum Dry Density (M.D.D)” and the “Optimum Moisture Content” for the samples. This was achieved by performing “STANDARD PROCTOR TEST” & After which “CBR TEST’ was performed to find the bearing capacity of soil sample
5.4 MATERIAL SELECTED
The properties of material used are mentioned below:
• Type of Plastic: PET or PETE
• Grade of Plastic: 1
• Properties of Plastic: Heat Resistance, Toughness, Barrier to Moisture
• Size of plastic strips: 2.5 cm x 5.0 cm
• Maximum Use: In Beverage bottles, Drinking water bottle etc
CHAPTER – 6
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
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6.1 GENERAL
This chapter contains the results for the specific experiments performed namely “Swelling Index”, “Liquid Limit Test & Plastic Limit Test”, “Standard Proctor Test” and “CBR Test”. After obtaining the M.D.D (Maximum Dry Density) and O.M.C (Optimum Moisture Content) for the sample CBR test was performed based on OMC value.
6.2 FREE SWELL INDEX
Sr. No. Vol. in Kerosene Vol. in Water FSI
1. 10 12 20
After performing the Swelling Index, the value of FSI is less than 50 so, Soil sample is not clayey or in some proportion silt is present.
6.3 LIQUID LIMIT TEST & PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
Sr. No. Penetration in mm LL Final LL
1 18.50 34.97 36.34
2 21.50 37.71
Sr. No. Plastic Limit Final PL
1 22.41 23.38
2 24.34
After performing the Liquid Limit Test & Plastic Limit Test, values obtained were 36.34 for Liquid Limit & 23.38 for Plastic Limit & from Plasticity Chart it can be concluded that soil is Silty Clayey.
6.4 STANDARD PROCTOR TEST ( O.M.C & M.D.D )
After performing the standard Proctor Test, it was graphically established that the soil sample had optimum moisture of 20.40% and possessed a maximum dry density of 1.673 gm/cc.
6.5 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
After performing the California Bearing Ratio Test, it was graphically established that CBR value for the soil sample is 1.83.
CHAPTER -7
Conclusion
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The basic picture about the soil followed by fine Silty clayey particles is its low strength & low bearing capacity due to which the construction of roads in Ratanpar Village is costly & difficult. In such area the ground water table is high & hence, soil moisture content is very high. This results in high rate of consolidation & huge settlements.
For developing countries like India it is necessary to go for all over development. Such village roads, if developed, can be useful asset for the economy & development of small villages.
Free Swell Index Test was performed to check the swelling property of soil, in which for pure clayey soil the FSI value should be greater than 50 but from analysis of this soil the value turn out to be less than 50 so it can be said that the soil is not pure clayey it contains some amount of silt particles.
For CBR value, according to IRC : 37-2012, the value for subgrade material should be in range from 3% to 15%, but for this soil sample it comes out to be less than 3% so, it is necessary to increase the CBR value for high stability & good bearing capacity so, Soil Stabilization is required.
To do this, Material like plastic should be used in soil sample to improve the engineering properties of soil & making the cost of the road construction economical.
The tests on soil using plastic bottle strips will be carried out in the next semester.
REFERENCES
1) “IMPROVEMENT OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOIL USING WASTE PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)”, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 2017.
2) “IMPROVEMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RED SOIL USING WASTE PLASTIC”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 48 Number 7 June 2017.
3) “SOIL STABILIZATION USING PLASTIC STRIPS OF VARIED SIZES BY ENHANCING THE BEARING CAPACITY”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017
4) “SOIL STABILIZATION USING PLASTIC WASTE”, International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017
5) “STABILIZATION OF SOIL BY USING PLASTIC BOTTLE STRIPS AS A STABILIZER”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 08 |Aug -2016
6) “SOIL STABILIZATION USING RAW PLASTIC BOTTLE”, Indian Geotechnical Conference December 15-17,2011, Kochi.
7) IS: 2720(Part-40)-1970 – Free Swell Index
8) IS: 2720(Part-V)-1985 – Liquid Limit
9) IS: 2720(Part-V)-1985 – Plastic Limit
10) IS: 2720(Part-XXIX)-1975 – Compaction Test
11) IS: 2720(Part-16)-1987 – CBR Test
12) Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering by DR. K.R.ARORA
13) Image Courtesy : Google
14) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_stabilization
APPENDIX
• The model canvas ( AEIOU Summary, Empathy Canvas, Ideation Canvas & Product Development Canvas ) has been introduced along with Periodic Progress Reports (PPR) & Patent Search & Analysis Reports (PSAR) to help the society, guide them & to increase the use plastic in proper and efficient soil stabilization.