On June 1941, Germany had invaded the soviet union, Beginning the war on the Eastern Front. Even though Stalin had been warned of the attack, he was taken by surprise. He formed a Stavka, where he was the Supreme Commander. The Germans had started using the blitzkrieg tactic, which had been extremely effective. Because of this all of the Soviet air force stationed on the western borderlands was destroyed within only two days. The Germans had begun pushing deeper into Soviet land, soon, Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic states were under taken over by the Germans. Soviet refugees flooded into Moscow and Leningrad to escape the Germans. However soon after Germany’s bombers began bombing Moscow, and by October the Germans were regrouping for a full assault on the capital. The Soviet government ordered that the army evacuated to Kuibyshev, however, Stalin decided to stay in Moscow, believing that him leaving would damage troop morale. The Germans had begun to advance on Moscow, but the troops were stopped because winter had started.
Even though Stalin’s general had advised him to defend the city, Stalin decided that attacking the Germans was a better choice than standing ground in the city. In June 1941, Stalin had ordered his men to use a scorched earth tactic (where the soldiers destroy buildings and food supplies, so the enemy cannot capture and use them), and to kill nearly 100,000 political prisoners in places where the Germans approached. He purged the military command, causing several high-ranking figures to be demoted or reassigned but a few were arrested and executed. Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to commit suicide or fight to the death, and that any soldier that let themselves become captured was an enemy to the Soviet Union. It had turned out that Stalin’s son, Yakov had become a prisoner of war to the Germans, who had died in their custody. Stalin decided that any soldier that would retreat from battle would be used as cannon fodder on the front lines, both the German and Soviet armies had been ignoring the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists and Jews.
Soviet Counter Attack:
On November 1942, Stalin had ordered the Soviet Union to begin and to try and stop the German strategic southern campaign. In doing this they had over 2.5 million soldiers die in battle, but from this the Soviets were able to go on the offensive for the rest of the war on the eastern front. During this time the German army tried to attack Kursk. However, Stalin was able to successfully defend it from the Germans. By the time the war ended Stalin and the Soviets had taken over more than half of the land that was taken by the Germans.
After The War:
After the war, Stalin was—according to Service—at the “apex of his career”. Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. In June 1945, Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimos, and stood atop Lenin’s Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square. At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as “the outstanding nation” and “leading force” within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. In 1946, the state published Stalin’s Collected Works. In 1947, it brought out a second edition of his official biography, which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor. He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes.
Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through “filtration” camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. About half were then imprisoned in labour camps. In the Baltic states, where there was much opposition to Soviet rule, de-kulakisation and de-clericalization programs were initiated, resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949.
The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. They recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. In the war’s aftermath, some of Stalin’s associates suggested modifications to government policy. Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects. Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war. Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin’s government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration-book system. Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950.
Stalin’s health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. He demoted Molotov, and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city’s party branch. In the Leningrad Affair, the city’s leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950.
In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities, and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state’s decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas. Current estimates indicate that between 1 million and 1.5 million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. Much of this was constructed by prison labour.
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