The United Nations is a special intergovernmental organization of independent countries that have corporate together for a peaceful world and progress in social welfare. The main four main purposes of United Nation are to keep peace throughout the world, promoting a friendly relationship among nations, to work together to help poor people live better lives, to strike hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms and be a Centre for helping nations achieve these goals. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member countries. In this research, we will find out the three vital challenges faced by United Nation recently such as issues about climate change, terrorism and refugees. Climate change had been the hot topics around the world as humans being are experiencing the greenhouse effect, global warming and inclement weathers. Thus, United Nation had been undertake action to overcome the issue, for example, the Kyoto protocol carried out. Besides, menace about terrorisms is also happening in global and worried by the people in the world such as the Islamic State which is threatening the global peace. United Nation work hard to solve this issue by the cooperating of the membership’s countries .Other than that, protection of refugees are also the responsibility of United Nation need to handle wisely. United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is formed for engaging in the issues of refugees. Secretary- General of United Nation play an important role in addressing the issues confronting the human being in the world. The successor of United Nation must contain the leadership consists of performing bold and noble vision for the international community, establishing standards and benchmark of achievement ,besides conduct for states and individuals, explaining the reasons those they are care and matter, inspiring every person to adopt the valid benchmarks as their own targets. United Nation plays a consequential role in maintaining a peaceful world and security, enhance respectfulness in attaining a well development of global economic and social.
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION OF UNITED NATION
The United Nations is a special intergovernmental organization of independent countries that have corporate together for a peaceful world and progress in social welfare. United Nation was established on 24 October 1945, together with 51 countries along with membership of 193 countries to improve the cooperation of different countries. It replaced the League of Nations and the organization was created following two to prevent another interference. United Nations can take prominent action on the problems confronting humanity in the 21th century such as climate changes, human rights, terrorisms, gender equality and fairness and other else.
The name “United Nations” was suggested by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The 26 countries present at the San Francisco Conference agreed to adopt the name “United Nations” in year 1942.Membership of United Nation is open to all peace-loving countries and accept and affordable to carry out the rules and obligations embed in the United Nations Charter.Year 2015 marked the 70th anniversary of the United Nation. The United Nation’s Chief Administrative Officer is Secretary-General. Todays, Ban Ki-moon is the eighth Secretary-General.
The main four main purposes of United Nation are to keep peace throughout the world, to develop friendly relationship among nations, work hand in hand to favor poor people live better lives, to overcome hunger, to resolve disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for every people’s rights and freedoms and be a Centre for helping nations achieve these goals.The headquarters of United nation is located at Manhattan, New York city. United Nation won
The Nobel Prize in year 2001 indicated that United Nation plays a vital role in disseminating peace and human development in the global. English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish are the official languages for United Nation while the working languages at the United Nation Secretariat are English and French.
SECTION 2
CHALLENGES FACED BY UNITED NATION
2.1 Climate Change
Nowadays, issues about climate change such as global warming and the unpredictable climate change are suffering by the citizens in the world. An awareness began to dawn that accumulated carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere could create a “greenhouse effect” and increase the temperature of Mother Earth. At the 20th century, human irresponsible actions had significantly increased the emission of greenhouse gases, and effect of global warming to be anxious. Research revealed that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere has increased significantly since the beginning of the industrial era.
Climate change may be the most intense global environmental issue, bringing with it a host of challenges for rivers and dams. Rivers are key to ensure the overall function of the planet’s ecosystems and the life that depends on them. In the face of a new global dam boom, a side of the coin is the risk to these investments from more extreme weather such as droughts and floods, which would lead to large dams uneconomic and more dangerous to humans being.
On record, most of the weather and climate which are the hottest have occurred during the past two decades. In Europe, the heat wave in the summer of year 2003 caused about over 30,000 deaths. In India, temperatures reached 48.1 degrees Centigrade as nearly 119 degrees Fahrenheit. The ferocity of Hurricane Katrina in the United States was attributed in bigger part to the raise in water temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico for about two years later. In 2011 the world population reached 7 billion. It is expected to increase to 9 billion by year 2043, giving a high demanding on the Earth’s resources. One of many terrain changing developments, 160 square miles of territory were broke away from Antarctic coast in year 2008.
There is a vital tipping points, leading to irreversible changes in main ecosystems and the Mother Earth climate system, may already have been reached or passed. Mountain glaciers are in the vigilant retreat and the downstream influence of decreased in water supply in the hottest months will have effects that transcend generations. Ecosystems as diverse and severe due to the Arctic tundra and the Amazon rainforest, could be approaching thresholds of sudden change through drying and warming.
2.2 Terrorisms
Nowadays, the terrorists’ threat is magnified by their acquiring aerial capability, and the real prospects of them acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction in pursuit of their endeavours. Terrorism flourishes in the environments of hopeless, humiliation, political oppression, poverty, extremism and abuse of human rights; it also flourishes in contexts of regional conflict and foreign occupation. Al-Qaida is the first instance but not last of an armed non-State network with global reach and sophisticated capacity. The attacks against more than 10 Member States on four continents in the past five years have indicated that Al-Qaida pose a global threat to the membership of the United Nations and the United Nations itself. Throughout the Panel’s regional consultations, it indicated concerns from Governments and civil society organizations that the current “war on terrorism” has in some examples corroded the values that terrorists target: human rights and the rule of law. The fears that near to terror focusing mainly on military and intelligence measures risk undermining efforts to promote good governance and human rights, drive a wedge between large parts of the world’s population and thereby weaken the potential for collective action against terrorism. The important need, in relation to the States in the regions from
which terrorists formed, is to solve not only their capacity but their will to fight against terror. States drawing support rather than opposition from their own publics to develop the will which requires a broader-based approach. Several United Nations anti-terrorist conventions have laid vital normative foundations. In contrast, far too many States remain outside the conventions and not all countries ratifying the conventions proceed to adopt internal enforcement measures. Besides, attempts to address the problem of terrorist financing have been not enough. When the three months after 11 September 2001, $112 million in assert terrorist funds were frozen, with only $24 million frozen in the following two years. While several States have inadequate antimoney-laundering laws and technical capacity, the escape of techniques of terrorists are highly developed and many terrorist funds have a legal origin and are hard to regulate. Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) implement the uniform, mandatory counter-terrorist obligations on all States and established a Counter-Terrorism Committee to monitor compliance and to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to States.
However, the Security Council must proceed with awareness and caution. The way entities or individuals are added to the terrorist list maintained by the Council and the absence of review or appeal for those listed raise serious accountability issues and possibly violate fundamental human rights norms. The Taliban Sanctions Committee and Al-Qaida should institute a process for reviewing the cases of individuals and institutions claiming to have been wrongly placed or retained on its watch lists. As United Nations-facilitated assistance is limited to technical support, States searching for operation support for counter-terrorism activities have no alternative but to seek bilateral help. A United Nations capacity to assist this assistance would in some instances ease domestic political menaces, this can be attained by providing for the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate to act as a clearing house for State-to-State provision of military and border control assistance for the development of local counter-terrorism capacities. After consultation with affected States ,the Security Council should extend the authority of the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate to carry out this function. If confronted by States that have the capacity to undertake their obligations but repeatedly fail to do so, the Security Council may need to take extra measures to ensure compliance and devise a schedule of predetermined sanctions for State non-compliance.
2.3 Refugees
The meaning of a “refugee” is comprised in the year 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its year 1967 Protocol, which define a refugee as an individual who: “owing to a well-founded fear of the persecution for factors of race, nationality, religion membership of a particular social group and political thinking way, locate outside the country of his nationality, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.”
The five of the challenges those would face by Filippo Grandi, who is the head of the UN’s refugee agency conclude that the first challenge is providing protection and support to more than 60 million forcibly displaced people, figure done by researcher show that year 2015 was another record-breaking year for forced displacement, about five million citizens newly displaced between January and June. Figures for the second half of the year have not available, instead number of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless and internally displaced people who fall under UNHCR’s mandate is expected to over 60 million. Just over 20 million are refugees, the highest number since year 1992.Second,dealing with protracted displacement which the rate at which refugees are able to back home is at its lowest level more than three decades. UNHCR assist one million people return home. In year 2014, only 124,000 citizen had the ability to do so. Due to the conflicts and displacement become increasingly protracted, Grandi and his staff are faced with the responsibility of continuing to support and help refugee populations beyond the emergency phase. To a large extent, this will mean favor refugees find methods to sustain themselves through livelihood support programmes and advocacy with host governments disagree to extend refugees the right to having job or live outside camps. Third, doing more with less, “The impact of the Syrian crisis” comprising for the demographics ,economy, political instability, and security, continues to deepen across Lebanon. More than 1.3 million of refugees expected by the beginning of 2015, Lebanon’s exceptional hospitality will be extremely stretched. As the global refugee population continues to rise, one of Grandi’s focusly tasks will be to persuade donors to fund the assisting cost of supporting them. UNHCR’s programmes are almost entirely dependent on voluntary contributions from governments and private donors. The agency’s budget has more than doubled over the past five years, peaking at $7.2 billion in 2015. 53 percent of the 2015 budget had not been funded by the end of the year. For a proposed budget of $6.5 billion for 2016, Grandi have to search creative ways to overcome the growing funding gap as health, education, livelihoods support, and even primary assistance programmes had cuts. He is searching for private sector and other non-traditional donors to become one method of enhancing the agency’s current reliance on governments for the majority of contributions. Fourth, threats to refugee protection posed by growing security concerns – Grandi is taking the helm at UNHCR at a time when attitudes towards refugees have never been politicised. This is the partly result of one million asylum seekers going to Europe in year 2015, making feeling of fears among domestic populations that job markets and public services would be swamped. But those fears have been compounded by security concerns, particularly in the wake of the November terror attacks in Paris and news that at least one of the terrorist entered Europe through Greece by posing as Syrian refugee. A number of member states, including Sweden, France, Germany, and Denmark have imposed border controls that make it more intractable for asylum seekers to arrive Europe. These increasingly xenophobic and hostile climate, Grandi will need to give a response that preserves asylum seekers’ right to international protection in the context of increased border controls and security checks. UNHCR gives a number of recommendations and ways as how this could be done in a paper last month. The fifth is addressing root causes of displacement – The only way to reverse the current trend of ever-growing levels of global refugees are to trace the major drivers. Grandi set out the method to the role in a lengthy response to queries from ICVA, a global network of NGOs.
“We must work towards instilling peace in troubled regions, the outcome of talks and current peace processes on Syria, Libya, and Yemen will have a major bearing on the progression of displacement in 2016,” said Guterres at his final press conference.
SECTION 3
Proper Roles of Secretary-General, United Nation in Addressing the Issues
3.1 Climate Change
Secretary-General of United Nation, Ban Ki-moon made the world climate change as one of his top priority and corporate with different countries to achieve an agreement on ways to overcome the climate change’s issues. The United Nation is putting incredible effort to overcome the issues of climate change. United Nation will led the global negotiations and scientific assessment. An implementation agreement of the Framework Convention was adopted in year 1997. 170 countries committed developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5 to 7 percent from 1990 levels by 20
12 through an agreement in the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world’s greenhouse gas emissions are continuing to boost, global temperature rise will exceed two degrees Celsius that countries have agreed upon to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change.
196 Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Paris Agreement on 12 December 2015 at the UN Climate Change Conference in France to overcome the negative effect. The agreement will be signed in New York on 22 April at UN Headquarters. Members agree to take prominent action to keep global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. International negotiators have pledged to reach a new global agreement on climate change at a conference in December 2015 in Paris. Countries, states, cities, and companies strive to have low-carbon economy as concern about climate change and their own economic interest. United Nation help to accelerate the pace of technological adoption and change, toward the day when the cleanest energy sources are the cheapest and become dominant. Most importantly, the global climate will be prevented from going off the rails The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program in 1988 to review and assess published scientific, technical, and socio-economic reports on climate change, its potential impact, and options for adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC is the world’s most authoritative scientific effort to understand and address changes in the Earth’s climate. “Earth Summit” introduced by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a first step in tackling the problem in year 1992. In 1998, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide an objective source of scientific information. The UN Foundation inculcate about climate change globally. It supports action on a range of global energy issues, especially Sustainable Energy for All, the initiative launched by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and co-led by World Bank President Jim Kim. Sustainable Energy for all countries seek to double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency globally and the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix to enhance sustainable development.
“We must limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees. We are far from there, and even that is enough to cause dire consequences. If we continue along the current path, we are close to a 6 degree increase”.
“Too many leaders seem content to keep climate change at arm’s length, and in its policy silo. Too few grasp the need to bring the threat to the Centre of global security, economic and financial management. It is time to move beyond spending enormous sums addressing the damage, and to make the investments that will repay themselves many times over”.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
Remarks at the Council on Foreign Relations (February 2013)
3.2 Terrorisms
Citizens of the world always are reminded that terrorism continues to inflict pain and suffering on them. Countering this scourge is in the interest of all nations and matter of terrorisms has been on the agenda of the United Nations for decades. United Nation mobilized a system instantly to take efficient action against terrorism. The Security Council, which had unreservedly condemned the 9/11 attacks immediately, in resolution 1368 (2001).The Security Council under the enforcement provisions of the UN Charter, to prevent the financing of terrorism, criminalize the collection of funds for such purposes, and immediately freeze terrorist financial assets. It also established a Counter-Terrorism Committee to oversee the resolution’s implementation.
The resolution imposes general obligations on all Member States like the criminalisation of both terrorism and its financing and recommends a wide series of measures in terms of international co-operation against terrorism, ranging from collaboration between police and intelligence services to that between judiciaries, and asking for signing and ratification of the international instruments against terrorism that have been approved by the General Assembly. In the legal sphere, the UN and its related bodies, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have developed a network of international agreements that constitute the basic legal instruments against terrorism. United Nation launched the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in September 2006. The Strategy outlines a range of reasonable measures to overcome terrorism in all its aspects, at the national, regional and international levels. The Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) was established by Security Council resolution 1373 (2001), which was adopted unanimously on 28 September 2001 in the wake of the 11 September terrorist attacks in the United States. The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council members, was tasked with monitoring implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), which requested countries to carry out several measures and ideas intended to improve their legal and institutional ability to counter terrorist activities around the world. The actions are including criminalize the financing of terrorism, freeze without delay the funds related to persons involved in acts of terrorism ,deny all forms of financial support for terrorist groups suppress the provision of safe haven, sustenance or support for terrorists, share information with other governments on any groups practicing or planning terrorist acts, cooperate with other governments in the investigation, detection, arrest, extradition and prosecution of those involved in such acts and criminalize active and passive assistance for terrorism in local law and let violators to justice. The General Assembly concluded the following five conventions: the International Convention against the Taking of Hostages; the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel; the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings; the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism; and the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism to strive hard to overcome the issues of terrorisms. The U.N. Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution aimed at disrupting income that the Islamic State extremist group gets from oil and antiquities sales, ransom payments and other criminal activities to counter the Islamic State group.
World leaders understand that we must mobilize a stronger global response to counter terrorism – that is the mission of the UN Counter-Terrorism Centre
By Ban Ki-Moon, 7 November 2014
3.3 Refugees
United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) are the international agencies to safeguard the rights of the world’s 15 million refugees, responsibility for helping the 27.5 million internally displaced is now being divided among several United Nations bodies. The cluster approach began taking shape in 2005 under a broader program of UN humanitarian reform had a goal at providing more timely and consistent aid to the internally displa
ced and other people affected in complex emergencies and disasters, particularly in situations where their government is unable or unwilling to do so. This new approach involves assigning coordination responsibility for specific functions to individual international agencies with expertise in those particular sectors such as shelter, food, water, health, sanitation, management of camps, protection and so on.
UNHCR is in charge of the protection cluster as its history leading the international response for the protection of refugees. In humanitarian terms, “protection” can include a broad array of activities aimed at ensuring full respect for the rights of the individual, in keeping with international human rights law, humanitarian law and refugee law. Thus, protection is not limited to survival and physical security, but covers civil and political rights, for example, the right to freedom of movement, the right to political participation, and economic, social and cultural rights, involving the rights to education and health. For instance, protection in displacement situations could include taking steps to decrease the incidence of sexual abuse in camps, ensuring that victims have recourse to justice, promoting economic self-reliance, ensuring the equitable distribution of humanitarian aid or educational opportunities, reducing child mortality or stressing to all sides in a conflict the need to respect human rights and humanitarian principles.
The approach helped millions of internally displaced people in different situations caused by conflict as well as natural disasters, including in Pakistan, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia and Yemen. When their homelessness results from conflict, UN peacekeepers are always be there to protect the camps in which they must live. When they are left without access to such basic necessities as food, water and sanitation and their health is endangered, the United Nation system will protect it.
Much of this support is provided through the United Nations humanitarian action machinery. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), through its “cluster approach”, brings together all main humanitarian agencies, both inside and outside the UN system, for coordinated action. UNHCR is the lead agency with respect to the protection of refugees and the internally displaced. With the International Organization for Migration (IOM), it is the lead agency for camp coordination and management. Besides, it shares the lead with respect to emergency shelter with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
UN bodies actively involved in this cluster approach include the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA); the World Food Programme (WFP); the World Health Organization (WHO); and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
SECTION 4
The Required Quality to Become the Successor Of United Nation
Secretary- General of United Nation play an important role in addressing the issues confronting the human being in the world. To be the next Secretary- General, first the person must get support from a UN member state. Ban Ki-moon’s second term as United Nation secretary general will ends in year 2016. Ban Ki-moon did a great job on the structural constraints such as promoting more women for having more opportunity for senior positions, climate change, the responsibility and the development agenda to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
Secretary General combines the responsibility and tasks of diplomat, politician and public sector’s Chief of Executive Officer. The secretary general should perform integrity and independence and has the ability to set the collective interest of the United Nations above the partisan interests of member states. Besides, the successor of Secretary-General must possess the managerial ability and negotiating skill when establishing rapport with a global audience. The authority and position of the secretary general are derived mainly from the clauses of the U.N. Charter, but depend also on the skills and personality of the incumbent and the state of major-power relations.
The successors must know when to carry out the initiative and responsibility to force a menace, when reticence and silence is welcome, when discretion is advised, when courage is required and when commitment to the United Nation’s vision must be balanced by a sense of proportion and humour and balance the expectations of the organization against the limits of the possible.
As the voice of world conscience of the international interest, with the capacity to affect the issues instead of controlling them, secretary general must have get the support of all governments. The most consequential challenge and constraint for the secretary general is to enhance leadership, ability to make others connect emotionally and intellectually to a larger cause that over their self-interest.
Leadership consists of performing bold and noble vision for the international population, set up standards of goals and conduct for states and individuals, explaining the reasons those they are care and matter, inspiring every person to adopt the valid benchmarks as their own targets.
The more vital agenda should be to reform the criteria of choosing the secretary general and the term of office, because this is almost unrealistic and impossible to carry out in the actual year of election.
The present process puts a premium on the most lenient and least offensive, forceful and effective. The U.N. Charter contains just one brief sentence on the secretary general’s selection: “The secretary general shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.” In a resolution adopted on 24 January 1946, the General Assembly make the agreement that the secretary general would carry the responsibility and tasks for five year terms and will renewable once. The Security Council forwards only one nomination to the General Assembly based on the votes of 9 of the 15 members, including the concurring votes of the P5. A simple majority of those present and voting by secret ballot is needed in the General Assembly.
The General Assembly has never offset the Security Council-recommended candidate. The General Assembly scarify an appointing power whose consequential grew considerably in the following decades in requiring only one candidate instead of a slate.
The General Assembly can and should make right a equal role by repealing the year 1946 resolution and there must have minimum of three and a maximum of five candidates. Another long-standing reform method has called for a single seven-year term to reduce a temptation and to provide stability of the secretary general’s decisions or actions being affected by calculations of a second term. The two key changes which including a slate of several candidates and a single but longer term of office could be affected by the General Assembly without Charter amendment.
General Assembly comprise the gender equality to regional rotation as a consideration in choosing the secretary general in year 2006.The most powerful candidates in year 2016 should be Central and Eastern European women regarded on a combination of these two criteria due to no woman and no Eastern European has been chosen to date .
Solidarity, integrity, decency, empathy, moral compass, intellect define a well and effective secretary general, who speaks as the conscience of common humanity amidst the great power diplomacy. Many U.N. observers rate Dag Hammarskjold (1953-61) and Annan (1997-2006) as the best secretary generals. The challenge with which both had to contend, with mixed success, is way to combine the U.N.’s international authority and legitimacy with the global reach
and power of a superpower .In year 2016 we need to nominate the successor of United Nation, this leads to a sobering conclusion: The very skills and character needed for the world’s top diplomatic office will encourage the best candidates are nominated.