International relations

Conditionality is an abortive instrument that disrupts economic development in developing countries economies.

The aim of this essay is to discuss the claim that a premature withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan may not be in the best interests of the United States. The American military presence in Afghanistan is one of the most important issues of contemporary international relations. During the past decade the topic of the US and NATO troops in Afghanistan has risen on the political agenda.

Under what conditions if any can Greed, Grievance and Creed be said to steer conflict in fragile states?

The most interesting manifestation of contemporary imperialism is, for Americans, the expansion of U.S. capital and the colonial power beyond the original borders of the United States. Founded as a phase of the first great period of imperialism and colonization, we have always been an imperialist country from the point of view of developing new areas of control and subjugation of inferior races.

The application of private international law to electronic consumer contracts raises new, complex, and controversial questions. It is new because consumer protection was not a private international law concern until very recently and e-commerce only became an important commercial activity within the last ten years. E-consumer contracts generate original questions which have not been considered under traditional private international law theories.

The Vietnam and China relationship remains essential to the peace and security of South East Asia and also to the successful future development of both nations. The diplomatic relations stretch back into a history of a 1000 years of colonial possession of Vietnam by China and, in contrast, two decades of support through the Vietnam War which saw Vietnam defeat with the aid of its two superpower allies (China and the Soviet Union) two powerful Western nations (US and France).

One of the highly debatabel topics in different governments in the world is about constitutional reform and Hong Kong is never an exemption. Accordingly, constitutional reform in the country has been a hot issue after the sovereignty has been handed to the People’s Republic of China.

A growing area of interest in political sciences has been on minority nationalist parties in Europe, and their European standpoints, which over time vary considerably

The concept of humanitarian intervention can be traced back to medieval theorists like Thomas Aquinas and international legal theorists such as Vitoria and Grotius. According to these thinkers, a prince’s right to rule his people could be breached if human wellbeing was severely compromised due to natural disasters or the prince’s own depravity (Morgenthau 1967). Under these situations, foreign princes had a right or, rather, an obligation, to intervene in order to alleviate human suffering, by force if need be. As the notion of state sovereignty came increasingly to dominate International Law after 1648, humanitarian intervention fell out of favour. But in the post-Cold War order, the concept appears to have emerged once again, so much so that some have declared that ‘sovereignty is no longer sacrosanct’ (Copra and Weiss 1992 cited in Ayoob 2002: 84; Krasner 1995).

is one of the motivated developments that the EU has ever undertaken which is in no doubt the bringing back of the European continent which has been divided during the world war.

The world is moving fast towards economic and cultural integration to benefit from international trade and combined political and economic power to influence the geopolitical affairs of the world and fulfill their global aspirations.

Globalization could be defined as “Growing interdependence of countries world-wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology” (Johnson and Turner, 2003 p 10).

For the past 35 years, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, commonly known as FEMA, has been dedicated to preparing, protecting, responding and serving the American people following major disasters and crisis

In this essay I will illustrate, through specific examples, the human condition and the psychological roots of surprise, the actions of policy-makers and an examination of organisational defects of agencies, and how they contribute to intelligence failures. However in order to understand what constitutes ‘intelligence failure, some contextual definition must be provided.