Cells, Tissues and Organs
This assignment will discuss about several types of cells, specifically the following cell types: Eukaryotic Cells, Prokaryotic Cells and Virus. It will also be explaining the role and functions of each cell, how cells make up the tissues with in the Human body and the function of the systems of the Human body.
(Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018)
There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
One of the differences between these two types of cells is that the Prokaryotic cells are smaller than Eukaryotic.
All: animals, plants, fungi, protists including humans, are all made of eukaryotic cells. An eukaryotic cell has a nucleus, a protective membrane around the nucleus, and organelles (Study.com, 2018).
Different organelles have different functions, the nucleus which is a large organelle encircled by a nuclear envelope. The nucleus contains chromosomes and one or more structures called a nucleolus. The function of the nucleus is to control the cell activities and contains also instructions to make new cell or new organisms. The mitochondrion is usually oval shaped, inside is like a matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration. The function of mitochondrion is to convert energy from food. This cell has a plasma membrane which is found on the surface and is made of lipids and protein. The function of the plasma membrane is to regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Golgi Apparatus are a group of fluids and the function is to modify proteins. Lysosomes are round organelles break down components such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Their function is to digest food and waste materials. Cytoplasm is a gel like substance found in membrane of all cell. Vacuole is used to store substances such as water, sugar and even waste products. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum are a system of membranes and the surface is covered with ribosomes. Their function is to fold and processes proteins. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum are similar to rough but with no ribosomes and their function is to processes lipids (CGP BOOKS., 2018).
(Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018)
Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler then eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic are unicellular organism and bacteria is an example of a prokaryotic cell. Plasma membrane is made of lipids and proteins and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell same as eukaryotic cell. The flagellum helps the prokaryotic cell to move. The cell wall which is present outside the plasma membrane, helps the cell to maintain the shape and protects it from environment. The capsule protects bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system. Pilus are tubules that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another cell. Plasmids are small circles of DNA and they contain antibiotic resistance. Prokaryotic cell do not have a nucleus however, in its place it has DNA. Ribosomes are the small protein making machines that carry out the genetic instructions of the cell (CGP BOOKS., 2018).
(Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018)
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes and are way smaller than bacteria. Most viruses can only be seen with a scanning or electron microscope (Ibuzzle.com, 2018). The virus multiply only with a living cells, this cell is known as a host cell. The virus does not have a nucleus but instead it has DNA or RNA in a simple ring (CGP BOOKS., 2018).
(CGP BOOKS., 2018).
Movement across cell membrane means that the substances are moving into and out of cell membrane. There are three types of movement, the pictures above is showing the active transport which needs energy to move molecules whereas, the co-transporter is a type of carrier protein and they bind two molecules at the time, sodium ions and glucose (CGP BOOKS., 2018).
(Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018)
The human body is made up of four tissue types: connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous. Specialised cells are gathered together to form tissue. Each type of tissues is designed for specific functions. The cells of muscle are long and slim, so they are sometimes called muscle fibres and are frequently arranged in layers or packages. Muscle tissues are very important for the body, as it allows it to move, pumping blood and pushing food through the digestive tract. There are three types of muscle: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons when these contract makes movement possible, facial expressions, posture, and other voluntary movements of the body. Almost half of your body mass is made up of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles generate heat because of their contraction and therefore participate in thermal homeostasis. Shivering is an involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles in response to lower temperature than normal body temperature (Opentextbc.ca, 2018). The cardiac muscle forms the walls of the heart and is an involuntary control which pumps blood through the body and makes the heartbeat. The cells of the cardiac muscle are divided X or Y shaped cells strongly connected by special junctions called intercalated disks. To resist high blood pressures and the strain of pumping blood throughout a lifetime it’s allowed by branched structure and intercalated disk muscle cells. These features also help to spread signals quickly from cell to cell so that the heart can beat (Muscular System – Muscles of the Human Body, 2017). Smooth muscle tissue contraction is accountable for involuntary movements in the internal organs. It forms the component of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems as well as the airways and arteries (Opentextbc.ca, 2018).
(Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018)
Epithelial tissue is made of cells laid out in sheets with strong cell-to-cell attachments that cover surfaces including the outside of the body and line body cavities. For example, the outer layer of your skin is an epithelial tissue, and so is the coating of the small intestine. Epithelial cells are firmly packed, and this lets them act as blockades to the movement of fluids and possibly harmful microbes. Epithelial cells are polarized and have a top and a bottom side. The apical, top, side of an epithelial cell faces the inside of a cavity and is usually exposed to fluid or air. The basal, bottom, side faces the underlying cells (Moodle.centralbeds.ac.uk, 2018).
(Bing.com, 2018)
Different organs can work together to achieve a common function, there are eleven major organ systems in the human body, these include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous and endocrine systems. In the human body are also part :The immune, integumentary, skeletal, muscle and reproductive systems (What Are the Organ Systems of the Human Body? – Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com, 2015). The human skeletal system contains: the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. An adult skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons contain more bones because some of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up. The skeletal system main function is to provide support for the body, for instance, the spinal column provides support for the head and torso, whereas, the legs, support and bear the weight of the upper body while a person stands (Skeletal System: Anatomy and Function, Diagram, Diseases, and More, 2017).
(Aplustopper.com, 2018)
The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions (like breathing) and communicate with the body. The brain and spinal cord are part of central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central nervous system (Rettner, 2016). The nervous system has three functions: a sensory function, an interpretative function and a motor function. The nerves take the information to central nervous system. Sensory information from the central nervous system is processed and interpreted. Motor nerves take information from the central nervous system to the muscles and the glands of the body (Understanding the basic anatomy and physiology of the human body – The nervous system, 2007).
(Myinterestingfacts.com, 2018)
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrient. Food passes through the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines (Digestive System | Everything You Need to Know, Including Pictures, 2017). The digestive system has the function to break down the food we eat into smaller parts. (Function of the Digestive System, 2016).
(3.bp.blogspot.com, 2018)
The excretory system is important to the body health. Its duty is to eliminate waste from the body. This system is made up of numerous organs that work in harmony to ensure that waste is effectively removed from the body (Organs in the Excretory System and Their Functions, 2015). Other parts of the body involved in this process are: sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system (Excretory system, 2017).
(3.bp.blogspot.com, 2018)
The liver is the body’s largest solid organ, is vital to the body’s functions and immune system, without a functioning liver a person cannot survive. The liver has several functions: detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-clotting proteins (Rettner, 2016a).
(2.bp.blogspot.com, 2018)
The key organ of the circulatory system is the Human Heart. The other key parts of the circulatory system include the Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins and Blood. The lungs also play a significant part in the pulmonary circulation system. The functions of a human’s circulatory system is to transport blood around the body. The blood carries numerous other substances which the body needs to function, the main substance being oxygen which is carried by a protein called hemoglobin, found inside red blood cells. White blood cells have a very important function to fight disease and infection. The blood carries waste products, such as Carbon Dioxide. (Circulatory System | The Circulatory System | Anatomy & Physiology, 2017).
The pulmonary system known also as respiratory system is a series of organs in charge for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The primary organs are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.
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