CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The Project entitled
“Piezoelectric Harvesting – Foot Step Power Generation”
Submitted By
1. GAMIT JYOTHSH A. 140310109028
2. GAMIT PRATIKBHAI P. 140310109088
3. ZOPDE POPOATBHAI V. 140310109125
As a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the 8th Semester of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In the field of
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Is hereby approved
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date:
Place:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In this project of engineering, it is not possible to complete this one without the blessing of my parents, the able guidance of my professor, co-operation offered by our friends and the encouragement and support of our well wishers. We are indebted to all those who have directly or indirectly contributed towards the completion of this project work.
With respect and gratitude, we express our indebtedness to our guide, Prof. J.A.JADAV for his guidance, advice, cooperation and inspiration for our study. We are grateful to our HOD Prof.(Dr.) S. N. Pandya as the facilities provided by him enabled our to complete this work successfully. Also we would like to thank all our faculties of electrical department.
We gratefully acknowledge Prof.(Dr.) N. K. Arora I/C principal of Lukhdhirji Engineering College, Morbi for their precious gift of knowledge, moral support, valuable suggestions and encouragement throughout the study. We would like to especially thank to Office staff of Institute.
Memories play an important part in keeping special people close at heart. We cannot forget the sweet memories of the time that, we have spent in college life. Our very special thanks from bottom of heart to our friends for their valuable company that made journey of Engineering.
Finally, we would like to appreciate the love, caring, patience and faith shown in us by our parents, who have stood behind us in every endeavor and for making us what we are today.
Finally, last but not least, we thank all our batch mates who have co-operated with us and without them this study would not have been possible.
GAMIT JYOTISH A. (140310109028)
GAMIT PRATIKBHAI P. (140310109088)
ZOPDE POPATBHAI V. (140310109125)
i
ABSTARCT
Nowadays energy and power are one of the basic necessities regarding this modern world. As the demand of energy is increasing day by day. To overcome this demand we are using conventional energy sources like coal, natural gas, oil, uranium etc. These are limited sources. So we try to focus on non-conventional sources.
One of the solution this is to harvesting the waste energy from surrounding which is clean energy and cheaper. Foot step power is good solution for this. While walking due to the weight of person pressure energy from foot loses in the form of vibrations. These are sensed by piezoelectric material and converted into form of electrical energy. Piezoelectric material is work for generating output out of foot movement. Piezoelectric material have the property of absorbing mechanical energy from surrounding, and especially for vibrations and converted it into form of electric energy. This electrical energy is store in storage unit like rechargeable battery and it can be used as power supply to other appliances like smart phones, power bank, electric torch, cell charger etc. This foot step power generation system can be situate while jogging in morning, while walking, on footpaths, in dense populated areas, railway plate forms, bus stands etc.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Figure Description Page No
1.5 (a) Plan of work 5
1.5 (b) Circuit diagram 6
1.5 (c) Working 6
1.6.1 (a) Piezoelectric property 8
1.6.1 (b) piezoelectric metal disc 9
1.6.2 Diode Rectifier 10
1.6.3 (a) Capacitor Symbol 10
1.6.3 (b) Capacitor 11
1.6.4 Storage Unit 12
1.6.5 Multimeter 12
1.6.6 Indicator 13
1.6.8 Implementation 14
2.1 Testing 15
2.2 Simulation 16
2.3 Sidewalk 17
2.4.1 Dance club 17
2.4.2 Smart Highway 18
2.4.3 Floor mat 18
2.4.5 Railway platform 19
2.4.6 Airport 19
2.4.7 Future Scope 21
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement I
Abstract II
List of Figures III
Table of Contents V
Chapter: 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Summary and Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and objectives 2
1.3 Problem Specifications 3
1.5 Plan of the work 4
1.6 Materials / Tools 8
Chapter: 2 14
2.1 Implementation 14
2.2 Testing and output result 15
2.3 Simulation 15
2.4 Area of work 17
Chapter: 3 20
3.1 Summary 20
3.2 Advantages 20
3.3 Features 20
3.4 Scope of future work 21
References
Appendix
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Chapter 1
1.1 Problem Summary and Introduction
Today, Energy consumption is increasing day by day. So we need find other energy sources to overcome this demand. Conventional energy sources are limited. So we try to focus on non-conventional energy sources. We are generating energy and use it, but some part of energy waste in form of heat and due to other issues.
One of the solution for this is to harvesting the waste energy from surrounding which is clean energy and cheaper. For utilization of wasted pressure energy from foot power of human foot movement is very much useful to generate the electricity for high populated countries where the roads, footpaths, railway platforms, bus stands, temples, etc have high dense population. This human bio-energy is loses while movement of foot, if it can be made possible to harvest it, so it will be very useful as renewable energy source. Walking is the common activity of human routine life. While walking, the person wasted foot energy to the surface in the form of pressure vibration. This energy can be harvested and converted to form of electrical energy.
In this, piezoelectric crystals are used as a medium to harvest the power of human walking. Piezoelectric crystals have ability to convert the mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. This energy can be store in batteries for future purpose or it can be directly applied to the electronic appliances. It also becomes a solution for self power of devices and recycling of batteries.
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1.2 Aim and objectives of the project
Our aim is to make such device which can generate the power from non-conventional source and we can use it again and again as power source for the appliances. Then which can be use anywhere, not harmful for human body and energy can be stored then it can be use for future purpose.
Due to the pressure of body weight, vibrations of foot power are produce which are achieved by piezoelectric material. Then the pressure energy can be converted in electrical form through the piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric material have the property of absorbing mechanical energy, especially vibrations and transform it into electric energy. This electrical energy is store in storage unit like rechargeable battery that can be used as power supply to other appliances like mobile phones, power bank, electric torch, cell charge, smart watch etc. This foot step power generation system can be implemented while jogging in morning, walking, footpaths, in dense populated areas, railway plate forms, bus stands etc.
The main objective of the project is to overcome the demand of the energy, to provide safe and clean energy, to reduce the cost of electricity bill and proper use of waste energy. It has also main objective to generate the power in rural area where the grid is not available.
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1.3 Problem Specifications
In this era of increasing energy costs and decreasing supplies of fossil fuels, emphasis on protecting the environment and creating sustainable forms of power have become vital, high priority projects for modern society.
The conventional energy sources are widely use for electricity generation. It creates the environmental pollution. These sources are limited so we need to find other sources for power generation which should be a non-conventional energy source. The DC power source has its limitations like low life of batteries, rechargeable issues, storage capacity, size of batteries etc. It is create problems for DC appliances like mobile phone, electric torch, power bank, cell charger etc. To overcome this problem we need a reliable and renewable DC power source.
The main problem is that the power consumption of the smart phones. The smart phones need to charge its battery at least one time in a one day. So its need to recharge it again and again. It create problem of low battery in travelling and where electricity is not available.
In some particular areas where due to geological and environmental condition the electricity cannot generate. So this concept can be use there.
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1.5 Plan of work
One of the best suitable methods for generating the energy from waste energy in surrounding is using piezoelectric material. Piezoelectric material is small scale energy source.
The piezo electric material is subjected to vibration it generate a very small voltage, which is known as piezoelectricity. It has a crystalline structure that converts an applied pressure vibration into a electrical energy. Piezoelectric material is connected in series with the diode rectifiers, capacitors and resistors.
In previous semester, for test purposes, the finger tapping was used to give a pressure to the piezoelectric material of metal disc type. The testing was done using a multi-meter connected to obtain voltage readings as the giving pressure is done. The first test for voltage output depended on time variation and was conducted without any mass placed on it. This was followed by a second test with the foot step of different masses that were placed on the piezo electric metal disc to observe the output voltage levels. As the more mass that is added on the tip, The more time passes until vibration of the sensor stops. The voltage from the piezo electric metal disc increases depending on the mass and force applied to the tip of the sensor.
Now at present semester, We have added the inverter circuit which is converts DC into AC. Due to this it is possible to drive AC load through the generated output from piezo generator.
It is shown in below block diagram.
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5
Circuit diagram
Fig.1.5. (b)
Due to the vibrations, piezoelectric crystals generate the electrical power. The produced output voltage is in the form of AC. Then it can be converted to DC by passing it through Rectifier circuit. The converted DC voltage can be fed into Boost converter.
Working
When the pressure applied from foot step on piezoelectric material and due to the change in crystalline structure of piezoelectric material electric charges is released from structure. These are in some of mv and in form of correspond AC form which can be converted in to DC form through diode rectifier. Then energy stored in the capacitor. Capacitor charges are boost by boost circuit to charge the storage unit.
This store energy can be used for portable electronic devices to charge them.
Fig. 1.5(c)
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According to IEEE STD 176(1978) the equation for piezoelectric material is given by Eq.
Where, S is the mechanical strain, T is the mechanical stress, D is the dielectric charge displacement, and E is the electric field strength. SE is the compliance tensor under the condition of constant electric field defined as strain generated per unit stress. The tensor d contains the piezoelectric charge constant. It gives the relationship between electric charge and mechanical stress.
The generated output is store in storage unit in form of DC which is used to drive DC load. Then, other side this store energy converted in form of AC to drive the AC load through the inverter circuit. So we can use this energy for both type of system AC and DC.
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1.6 Materials / Tools
1.6.1 Piezoelectric material:
A piezoelectric material is one that produces an electric charge when a mechanical stress is applied if the material is squeezed or stretched. Conversely, a mechanical deformation if the substance shrinks or expands is produced when an electric field is applied. This effect is formed in crystals that have no center of symmetry. This is shown in below figure.
Fig.1.6.1 (a)
Piezoelectric devices are implements that use materials exhibiting piezoelectric effects. "Piezo," in Greek, means "pressure," which explains that when you apply pressure to piezoelectric materials, you get a charge separation within a crystal and a voltage across the crystal. Quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain ceramics all exhibit piezoelectric behaviors.
Different types of piezoelectric materials are available such like single crystals (e.g. quartz SiO2 and Rochelle salt), ceramics (e.g. lead zirconate titanate or PZT and BaTiO3 or BTO), thin films (e.g. ZnO and PZT), thick films (e.g. PZT), and polymers (e.g. polyvinylidenefluoride or PVDF). We are using metal disc type piezo material.
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Fig.1.6.1 (b)
1.6.2 Diode Rectifier:
Due to the vibrations, a piezoelectric crystal generates the electrical power. The produced output voltage is in the form of AC. Then it can be converted to DC by passing it through Rectifier circuit. The converted DC voltage can be fed into Boost converter. As shown in the figure, the bridge rectifier circuit is working in positive half cycle.
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Fig.1.6.2
1.6.3 Capacitor:
Capacitor is a two terminal electrical component which is used to temporarily store electrical energy in electric field. Capacitor has at least two electrical conductors or plates which separated by a dielectric insulator. It has thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte. Capacitor stores energy in the form of electrostatic field between its plates.
Fig.1.6.3 (a)
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Fig.1.6.3 (b)
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1.6.4 Storage unit:
It is basically a power bag which stores the charge generated by the piezoelectric and charges the other portable electronic devices. We are using Li-ion battery This is commonly used in home electronics. It is also rechargeable. We can use it for long time
Fig.1.6.4
1.6.5 Multimeter:
A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument which combines several measurement functions in one unit. Multimeter can measure voltage, current and resistance etc.
Fig.1.6.5
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1.6.6. Output Indicator:
It is a indicator which indicate the generated output at output side. We use here a bulb as indicator. Which is glow when AC power supply is applying on it through inverter. It also indicates that generated output is used for AC load.
Fig.1.6.6
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CHAPTER: 2
2.1 Implementation:
In this project we are continuing on the implementation on structure and circuit design.
To get maximum output from pressure vibration of piezoelectric material, we arrange the piezo metal discs in series.
We arrange the piezo metal discs in group of series connection.
This group of piezo metal discs is connected with diode rectifier.
We have also added the inverter circuit to drive the DC load.
There is also indicator lamp which is indicate the generated output.
Fig.2.1
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2.2 Testing and Output Result:
When we testing with basic prototype of our project, we generates some voltage from piezoelectric material according to the applied pressure vibration.
In order to generate the output voltage, We need to apply continuous tapping on piezoelectric device,
We can measure the output of device at the terminal of capacitor through multimeter device.
Multimeter shows the generated output voltage on display screen. Fig.3.
2.3 Simulation:
We have tried to simulate our project’s main circuit and we get some output result in mv. We have used MULTISIM software for our simulation. Its circuit diagram and output result is shown in below figures.
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Fig.2.3 (a)
Fig.2.3 (b)
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2.4 Area of work:
2.4.1 Power generating sidewalk:
In this we can use our device on footpaths or roads where the density of people is more. So due to this we can harvest the wasted human walking energy.
Fig.2.4.1
2.4.2 People powered Dance club:
In this we can use our device on floor of dance club where people dancing and wasted of human energy occurs. We can harvest this energy from this project.
Fig.2.4.2
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2.4.3 Smart highway:
In this we can use our device on smart roads where number of vehicles are passing through it and wasted of vehicles pressure energy occurs. We can harvest this energy from this project.
Fig.2.4.3
2.4.4 Floor mat:
In this we can use our device on Floor mat from where normally peoples are passing through it and wasted of human pressure energy occurs. We can harvest this energy from this project.
Fig.2.4.4
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2.4.5 Railway platform:
In this we can use our device on smart railway platform where number of peoples is passing through it and wasted of human pressure energy occurs. We can harvest this energy from this project.
Fig.2.4.5
2.5.5 Airport:
In this we can use our device on Airport where number of peoples is passing through it and wasted of human pressure energy occurs. We can harvest this energy from this project.
Fig.2.4.6
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CHAPTER: 3
3.1 Summary
In our project, we are working on to make one type of surface which can generate the electricity by human walking. For this purpose we are using piezoelectric material converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. When mechanical stress applied on piezo crystals, it generates electric charge according to that stress. This charge can be stored by capacitor and it will be used for charging the battery through the boost circuit. Then, this stored DC power can be used for other purpose.
This generated power can be further use for AC load through the inverter. Due to this we can decrease the demand of energy.
3.2 Advantages
Can be used anywhere
Portable charging
No affect on human body
Small in size
Can be used in different areas
Gives the power supply in real time
The extra power generated can be stored and utilized for future purpose
3.3 Features
Energy conversion
Free energy
Eco-friendly
Less disturbance
Less maintenance
Portable
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3.4 Scope of future work
Now, we have completed the work of our project. But we have worked at the basic level. In this, there are so many problems and disturbances in our project like voltage regulation, frequency control, generated output, inverter circuit, boost converter etc. So there is a scope in future work. We can also work on it on the basis of power system analysis.
Fig.3.4
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Reference:
(1) Rocha. J.G, Gonçalves L. M, Rocha .P. F, Silva. M. P., And Lanceros-Méndez. S. (2010) “Energy Harvesting From Piezoelectric Materials Fully Integrated In Footwear‟- IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 3, March 2010
(2) Umeda, M., Nakamura, K., and Ueha, S. Energy Storage Characteristics of a Piezogenerator Using Impact Vibration. Japan Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 36, Part 1, No. 5b, May 1997, pp.3146-3151
(3) S. P. Beeby, M. J. Tudor, and N. M. White, "Energy harvesting vibration sources for Microsystems applications," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 17, pp. 175-195, 2006.
(4) Sodano, H. A., Park, G., Leo, D. J., and Inman, D. J., 2003, “Use of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Charging Batteries,” in SPIE 10th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, March 2–6, San Diego, CA, Vol. 5050, pp. 101–108.
Web link:
1. www.piceramic.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.classroom.materials.ac.uk/casepiez.php
4. www.ijset.com
5. https://youtu.be/V6ZUZUpTjms
6. https://youtu.be/IC426zovHvk
7. www.ijirset.com/upload/july/58_power.pdf
8. www.ijiset.com/upload/2015/february/49_real.pdf
9. http://www.piezo.com.