DISASTER PLANNING
Abstract
Disaster planning is one of the most important things an archival institution should do in order to make sure their collections and staff can be protected from hazards. By using the disaster planning, staff will more aware and know how to react if disaster happen. Disaster can be natural or environmental disaster and human made disaster. Before you build disaster planning, you should know the four phases of disaster plan which is prevention, preparedness, response and recovery. These four phases will face before, during and after disaster.
Keyword: Disaster planning, prevention disaster, preparedness, response, recovery
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Disasters are unexpected events with destructive consequences which can be measured by the scale of damage as well as the effect that the incidents create. Disasters can be flood, heavy leakage in the roof of a building, infestation with biological agents, fire, an earthquake, tornadoes others human-made problems such as arson, bombing and theft. Even power failure or electrical faults, leaks or drainage problems, or mishandling and human error can lead to emergencies. According to George Long, natural disasters created by an ever changing Earth, are not criminal in nature, they are merely changes in Earth's rotation and its environment. Disasters do happen and they happen unexpectedly. They can come great damage to people, to buildings, to collections and to organization. It wills a strange feeling when planning for something which will probably never happen but it is necessary especially for organizations that have collection to care because collection in archives is a unique one and it useful to be as proof.
Disaster planning is one of the most important things records center or archival institution can do in order to safeguard its collection and protect staff and visitors from hazards. Disaster planning is a set rehearsal actions which will minimize the effect on the archive and which will assist in restoring the archives and its contents to a usable condition in the minimum possible time. According to International Records Management Trust (IRMT), no organization is totally immune from emergencies or disasters, either from natural causes or human made. In order to protect themselves and their assets, including records and archives, many organizations develop emergency plans which also called as disaster plans. Disaster planning is creating based on the concept of the organization. Organization should identify their assets, people, equipment and supplies and also critical information sources before they develop disaster planning. According to Robien van Gulik, disaster planning is a difficult job where it can be limited to conversation problem but has the tendency to grow out to something much larger. Disaster planning is a matter of basic security for archives, their staff and their collection. It can be considered to be essential part of any preservation programmed to be implemented and develop by any kind of organization especially archives institution.
Records are best protected when the following protection is in place in order presented below:
1. The building is located in a safe area.
2. The building is of high quality.
3. Adequate security systems are in place.
4. Adequate warning systems such as fire or water detectors are in place.
5. The building, equipment and records are well maintained and well managed.
6. Records are boxed and shelve adequately.
7. Fire suppression systems are in place.
According to Queensland State Archive, other considerations for public authorities in the disaster planning process examining:
1. Policies: what recordkeeping policies exist in the organization, and do these include information relating to disaster management.
2. Resources: what resources do you have already and what do you need to manage public records in the event of disaster.
3. Processes: how will the disaster preparedness and response plan for public records fit into the organization and emergency plan.
4. Vital records: have the organization vital records been identified and a management plan established
5. Access restrictions: have records with access restrictions been identified and adequate staff clearance obtained so those records can be managed in the event of disaster
6. Interagency agreements: does the organization have, or need, any memorandum of understanding to assist in the event of disaster involving public records for example storage or salvage space, temporary work space or additional staff.
2.0 SUB-THEMES
2.1 Types of Disaster
According to International Council on Archive, disasters can be classified as natural or man-made. Natural disasters are those caused by natural phenomena, for example rain and wind storms, floods, biological agents (micro-organism, insect or vermin infestation), earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. While man-made disaster results from the failings of human race for example fires, water (broken pipes, leaking roofs, blocked drains, fire extinguishing), explosions, bombing, liquid chemical spills, building deficiencies (structure, design, environment, maintenance).
2.1.1 Environmental and natural disaster
2.1.1.1 Flood and weather damage
Water ingress and severe weather are the most common types of disaster happen in world. Water ingress causes from the flood and high tide that will resulting damage to documents. According to International Records Management Trust, water and weather damage happen from leakage and flooding. Water damage can include flooding from heavy rains, high tides or overflowing rivers and also it can come from weak building structures, poor water-carrying systems and poor drainage. Water damage can harm records and archives not only immediately but also later, if the materials are not dried and mould start to develop. Mould start grows rapidly in damp conditions after floods.
According to International Council on Archive, water damage threat may be divided into two types which are climatic and building related. Climatic for example is flood resulting from heavy rain, or high tide caused by hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones, or overflowing rivers due to heavy rain or snow. The other one is building related, for example weak building fabric and/ or the failure of water carrying systems. When building damaged, it can effect in the damage of internal facilities and burst pipes can result in damage to documents.
2.1.1.2 Earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. According to International Records Management Trust, earthquakes are more common or more severe in some part of the world than others, depending on the location of geological faults. According to International Council on Archive, examples of archives damaged due to earthquakes include the National Archives of Mexico (1985), the San Francisco City Archives in U.S.A (1989) and several archives institutions in the Hanshin Region of Japan (1995). Earthquakes result in ground tremors, land liquefaction, landslides or tsunami. Earthquakes can cause damage to building such as include collapse of building, collapse of shelving systems, movements of documents from storage systems, computer damage and lost data and water damage due to pipe fracture. Earthquakes also can lead to flood or tsunami damage such as movements or collapse of building and flood and water damaged. Fire damage includes loss of buildings, lost of documents, water damage from fire extinguishing systems.
2.1.2 Human made disaster
2.1.2.1 Fire
Fire is combustion or burning in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and typically give out bright light, heat and smoke. According to International Council on Archive, fire may risk from whatever cause potentially the most is damaging risk carried by archival institutions. Incendiary and accidental fires due to electrical faults or cigarettes are common causes of fire. According to International Records Management Trust, fire is one of the most damaging dangers to records and archives. Fires can be caused by natural occurrences such as earthquakes, or they can be started by power failures, lighting strikes, electrical faults or arson. When on fire happen, books burn fairly slowly. Paper chars and crumbles when handled. Smoke and soot dis-color books not otherwise affected. Meanwhile for microfilm and audio-visual materials can be completely destroyed or damaged beyond repair.
2.1.2.2 Power failures
Power failure is a short or long term loss of electric power to an area. When power failures take place, it can causes by fault at power station, damage to electric transmission lines, substations or other parts of the distribution systems, a short circuit, or the overloading of electricity mains. Some people do not think power failure is serious point because for them, it just common matter and they do not consider these an emergency. They are often simply a way of life. But not for records center and archival institution, power failure even for short period can have disastrous consequences. Electronic data and computer program can be affected, information may be lost or corrupted. Environmental controls may be disabled, leading to fluctuations in temperature and humidity. The loss of lights could endanger people in the institution if they cannot find their way to exists safely and speedily. Darkness also will unwelcome invitation to those wishing to damage or steal property.
2.2 Establishing Emergency Response Teams
According to National Archives of Australia, emergency committee should be establishing a team or teams of volunteer staff from each section of the agency to take part in salvaging records. Each team must have a leader and deputy and each of team member should be trained in response and recovery techniques and have good knowledge of preventive measures. According to International Records Management Trust, once a plan has been prepared, selected staff will be assigned duties as part of emergency response teams. The number and type of teams chosen will depend upon the size and scope of the organization. Following is a list of the types of emergency response teams that could be established, as well as a brief explanation of possible responsibilities.
1) Administrative team: responsible for initiating salvage, providing liaison with an insurance company for damage assessment, procuring supplies, estimating time for repair and/ or replace operations, establishing a command post, providing clerical and administrative support.
2) Support service team: responsible for procurement of housing and office space for personnel, arranging for transportation of supplies, equipment and personnel during recovery time frame.
3) Backup or offsite storage team: responsible for establishing control of offsite records, providing human resources, verifying procedures to be followed at backup site.
4) Security team: responsible for establishing and maintaining security at backup or alternative site, enforcing security at damaged site.
5) Finance team: responsible for establishing and distributing funds during recovery time frame.
6) Public relations team: responsible for dealing with media, staff, customers and public during disruption to normal business operations.
7) Facilities restoration team: responsible for starting restoration, preparing new facility.
8) User liaison team: responsible for coordinating restoration efforts with users, identifying what transaction may be lost or temporarily suspended during recovery time frame.
9) Information technology systems team: responsible for the installation of software, hardware and applications.
10) Communication team: responsible for the installation of communications systems (telephone lines) at recovery facility, examination and restoration of communication systems at damage facility.
2.3 Staff Evacuation Procedures
2.3.1 Flood
1. Listen to local radio or TV to get any news.
2. Prepare to evacuate upon direction. (If a flash flood warning is issued, get out of the area immediately.)
3. Assist disabled persons and follow instructions of emergency preparedness personnel.
4. Check any battery-powered equipment and back-up power sources.
5. Inventory and move to the upper floors emergency supplies such as food, first aid items and blankets.
6. Board up window and disconnect utilities which are not absolutely essential
7. Do not re-enter the affected area until directed by emergency preparedness personnel.
2.3.2 Earthquake
During the shaking
1. Stay there
2. Take cover under sturdy furniture (desks or work tables) or in supported doorway.
3. Stay near the center of the building.
4. Do not run for the exit as the stairs may be broken or jammed with people and do not use evaluators.
5. Stay away from glass windows, doors, display cabinets or bookcases.
6. Do not use candles, matches, or other open flame as there may be gas leaks.
7. Extinguish all fires with the proper type of the extinguisher or other method.
If outdoors or out of the building.
1. Move to open area away from buildings, utility wires and trees.
2. If forced to stand near a building and watch for falling objects.
2.3.3 Fire
1. Remain calm.
2. Contact the fire department.
3. If the fire is small, try to extinguish it with the proper of extinguisher or other method.
4. Disconnect electrical equipment if it is on fire and it is safe to do so.
5. Notify the supervisor and evacuation coordinator if possible.
6. Evacuate if you cannot extinguish the fire and assist disabled persons.
7. Do not use elevators.
8. Go directly to the assembly area and do not return to the affected area until told to by appropriate authorities.
2.3.4 Power failure or utility failure.
1. Remain calm.
2. Remain where you are and open all available blind, shades or curtain to receive more outside light.
3. If you are in an unlighted area, go cautiously to an area that has emergency lights.
4. If telephones are working, call and report the outage and wait for further instructions from the authorities.
5. If directed to evacuate, assist disabled persons and go to assembly area.
6. If you are in an elevator, stay calm and use the intercom or emergency button to alert security or other persons.
2.4 Financial Planning
2.4.1 Finance
To effectively manage your finance, plan a sound, realistic budget by determining actual amount of money. According to International Council of Archive, funding is always an important issue and one which is fundamental to the administration of archives as in other institutions. It crucial element of disaster control planning which must be taken into account when planning to counter disaster, both in action to prevent an event happening and to reduce the effect of an incident suffered. Funding is necessary to take action to reduce the threat, and it is required that people in charge are authorized to allocate and spend necessary resources if there is to be a reaction to incident suffered. According to National Disaster Management Authority, the financial aspects of disaster risk management entail various factors ranging from development planning to immediate relief post disaster, followed by investments made for reconstruction.
2.4.2 Building finance
Building finance means two areas of expenditure is that intended to reduce the risk associated with the features of building. According to International Council of Archives, an archives building is a protective envelope intended primarily to protect the archives from the elements and other external hazards. Archival institution should provide a secure and safe environment both for the storage of records. When a new archives building is planned there is a rare opportunity to lower the risk through incorporating disaster prevention design features.
2.4.3 Contingency funding
International Council of Archives said contingency funds are enabling a reaction to an incident to be made need to be established. Expenditure on emergency equipment and supplies held are small in comparison to the possible cost of hiring on a large scale, freezing facilities, freeze-drying plant, extra containers, transport and perhaps expertise if it is not already present in the institution. When disaster strikes there is no time to consult finance committees or funding bodies for permission to spend money. The best laid plans will grind to an early halt without the power of expenditure.
2.4.4 Insurance
According to International Council of Archives, for those who carry it, insurance can be the means of providing emergency spending power but only if this is part of the arranged cover. The insurance world mostly has concern for loss but, with the unique nature if archives material, there needs to be concern for the cost of the reaction and recovery. Funding arrangements for preventing, and for recovering from, disaster incidents are an important issue and fundamental to success.
2.5 Four Phases Disaster Planning
' Prevention
' Access risks
' Reduce risks
' Implementation
' Monitoring
' Preparation
' Priorities collection
' Protection measures
' Emergency committee
' Training
' Response
' Disaster response plan
' Recovery
' Disaster recovery plan
Emergency management or disaster planning should cover all four phase process which is prevention or mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. According to Malcolm E. Baird, the concept of 'phases' has been used since the 1930s to help describe, examine and understand disasters and to help organize the practice of emergency management. In preparing for a disaster or emergency, there are five broad planning activities agency will need to undertake:
1) Establish an emergency committee
2) Identify and access potential threats
3) Establish an emergency response team
4) Gather equipment and material
5) Identify priorities for record salvage
2.5.1 Disaster prevention or mitigation
Disaster prevention or mitigation means any activities that designed to eliminate or reduce risks to persons or organization. According to National Governor's Association, mitigation includes any activities that actually eliminate or reduce the probability of occurrence of disaster for example arms build-up to deter enemy attack or legislation that takes the unstable double-bottom tanker off the highways. According to Jack Herrmann, the mitigation phase also known as the prevention phase, is characterized by the measures taken to reduce the harmful effects of a disaster in order to limit its impact on human health, community function, and economic infrastructure. During this phase, steps are taken to prepare a community or house of worship for disaster, especially high-risk locations (for example hospitals in areas that typically flood) and populations. Ensuring that all personnel understand their roles in disaster response and are educated on the appropriate evacuation plan for a particular individual, family, agency, department or organization and other response activities can achieve similar positive outcomes. Mitigation is activity that preventing future emergency or minimizing their effects:
1) Any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.
2) Buying flood any fire insurance for your organization.
3) Mitigation or prevention activities take place before and after emergencies.
2.5.2 Disaster preparedness
Disaster preparedness is a continuing exercise. Government and private agencies require preparing their own internal disaster plan and they must reviewed every year in order to kept them up to date. National Fire protection Association defined disaster preparedness as a activities, tasks, programs, and systems developed and implemented prior to an emergency that are used to support the prevention of, mitigation of, response to, and recovery from emergencies.
According to National Disaster Management Agency of Grenada, disaster preparedness means preparing the response organization and the community to react promptly to save lives and protect property if it is threatened or hit by a hazard or major emergency of any kind. In order to do this, planning must be done before there is even the threat of emergency. This involves the assignment of responsibilities, classification and cataloging of resources, training, practice drills and evaluation of experiences.
According to National Archives of Australia, once agency has started to prepare disaster preparedness plan, it is good idea to coordinate with other agencies that have offices in your building or in adjacent buildings. In this ways a network for cooperation in times of disaster can be established between your agency and others. Preparedness means a ways in preparing to handle an emergency:
1) Plans or preparation made to save lives and help response and rescue operations.
2) Evacuation plans and stocking food and water.
3) Preparedness activities take place before an emergency occurs.
2.5.3 Disaster response
According Federal Emergency Management Agency, immediate actions to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic human needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency plans and actions to support short term recovery. Jack Herrmann said response phase is the actual implementation of disaster plan and organization of activities used to respond to the event and its aftermath. The response phase focuses primarily on emergency relief which is saving lives, providing first aid, minimizing and restoring damaged systems (communication and transportation), meeting the basic life requirements of those impacted by disaster (food, water, and shelter), and providing mental health and spiritual support and comfort care. According to National Archives of Australia, safety and planning are the key components of successful emergency response. Response will rely on two types of information which is lists of emergency contacts and layout plans of agency's building.
1) Emergency contact lists – Each agency should complete and maintain a list for each categories of contact list:
– Contact staff ' state office (include someone with financial delegation to hire large amounts of equipment)
– Contact staff ' central office
– External emergency services
– External sources of expertise and equipment
– Conservators
2) Layout plans ' it is essential for response team workers to have access to small ' scale plans of each building. These plans should know the layout of records shelving, indicating the location of priority records. The locations of special danger areas, fire extinguishers, main electricity switches, water main shut-off valve and exits should be clearly marked.
Responding safely to an emergency:
1) Actions taken to save lives and prevent further property damage in an emergency situation.
2) Response activities take place during an emergency.
2.5.4 Disaster recovery
Recovery phase can be days or some cases will cover months after the disaster. This depends on the types of disaster and level of damaged. Recovery activities continue until all systems return to normal or better. According to Jack Herrmann, recovery phase focuses on the stabilization and return of community and health care system to its pre-impact status or what some describes as 'getting back to normal'. Activities of the recovery phase can range from rebuilding damaged buildings and repairing a community infrastructure to relocating populations and instituting intermediate and long-term mental health interventions. National Archives of Australia said any recovery technique implemented by staff must be centre on protecting records from further damage, stabilizing the records and bringing them back to useable condition.
Recovering from an emergency:
1) Actions taken to return to a normal or an even safer situation following an emergency.
2) Recovery includes getting financial assistance to help pay for the repairs.
3) Recovery activities take place after emergency.
3.0 DISCUSSION
3.1 Planning Before Disaster
3.1.1 Flood
According to National Archives, here some suggestions as a disaster planning before flood:
1) Avoid basement storage whenever possible
2) Check that there is a means of egress for any water that may get in
3) Raise the bottom shelf of any storage at least 150mm off the floor
4) Leave a small gap between any shelving and outer walls so that documents or the boxes in which they are contained do not touch the walls
5) Do not leave documents piled on floors or beside windows
6) The provision of acid-free archive storage boxes offers considerable protection. Your nearest records office should be able to recommend a supplier
7) In premises where no other emergency lighting is available, keep a powerful touch to hand for use in an emergency
8) In premises where there is an obvious risk of flooding, it may be worth installing flood alarms if these can be monitored out of hours
FIRE
According to National Archives, here some suggestions as a disaster planning before fire:
1) Where possible choose sturdily-built storage rooms with good fire-resistance, and ensure that doors and windows are tightly shut when the premises are unattended
2) Check that all wiring is sound and up to date and all cabling insulated. Out of hours switch off, and preferably isolate, all inessential electricity
3) Install smoke detectors. In the case of large and valuable collections of documents it is desirable to have these linked automatically to the fire brigade or a security firm
4) Depending on the size of the storage area, provide one or more hand held carbon dioxide fire extinguishers for use in the event of a small fire in the storage area. Water based extinguishers are useful in adjacent rooms and corridors. In the case of larger collections of archives, where it might be appropriate to fit an automatic fire-extinguishing system, the advice of the local Fire Officer should be sought.
5) Do not permit smoking
6) Keep loose papers to a minimum and avoid litter
7) Seek the guidance of the local fire brigade on how precautions might be improved
3.2 Where to Begin
According to American Alliance of Museum, strong disaster plans are comprehensive, yet simple and flexible, and are easy to follow during an emergency. In devising the plan, staff can work together to gather information regarding the institution, the collection and any potential threats in order to outline preventive measures and develop emergency response procedures. Here are some steps archival institution can take to plan effectively for emergencies and disasters:
1) Create a team or committee to develop the disaster plan ' archival institution is encouraged to include different functions of the archival institution in order to create a comprehensive plan. Having several people as parts of the planning process empower a greater number of staff to respond during disaster.
2) Read resources ' there are many resources on disaster preparedness that can help archival institution develop their plan, some of which are included at the end of this guide.
3) Access and document risks and hazards ' these risks and hazards will be specific to the archival institution so consider natural disasters, man-made threats and mechanical failure.
4) Establish preventative measures. Steps can be taken to prevent disasters or minimize damage. Due diligence in monitoring hazards can prevent them from morphing into potential disasters.
5) Prepare for disaster ' to prepare, archival institution may find it helpful to determine supplies needed and inventory, label and make them accessible. Collecting staff and, if relevant, board emergency contact information will help staff communicate and respond during disaster. It may be helpful to identify and establish relationships with suppliers and collaborators before disaster strikes, offering tours of the archival institution so that they are familiar with the facilities.
6) Take risk management measures. As a risk management measure, it may be wise to make duplicates of important records and store them off site and make duplicates of keys.
7) Outline emergency response, establish chain of command and appoint emergency coordinators. When considering procedures, the archival institution can think about developing any forms or checklists. The better these forms, the easier it will be for staff to stay collected when disaster strikes.
8) Develop salvage techniques and think of what needs to be done within a certain time frame.
9) Review and revise the plan often ' like any plan the museum has, it should be a living and breathing documents, reviewed frequently.
3.3 Malaysian Perspectives
3.3.1 Ching Tiong Tan and Joy Jacqueline Pereira
According to Ching Tiong Tan and Joy Jacqueline Pereira, interactions between the climate change and disaster management communities in Malaysia have brought significant progress in recent years. Climate change is any change in the climate over time that directly and indirectly affects humans and their activities as well as natural systems and processes. The relationship between climate hazards and disaster risks is increasingly being recognized, the interaction between the national agencies on climate change and disaster management is still limited in Malaysia. The efforts to integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaption are still at initial stage. In Malaysia, the most common hydrometeorological disaster is flooding. Compared to other disaster, floods have affected the greatest number of people over the last century. Floods generally occur during the high rainfall seasons, affecting major rivers, particularly on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Recent major flooding impacting the southern parts on Peninsular Malaysia on December 2006 and early January 2007. Most of people that involve in the flooding events loss their lives and also the country also incur a large expenditure on response measures particularly for the rescue, transfer and relocation of victims, rehabilitation of infrastructure and subsequent long term recovery efforts.
3.3.2 Alwi Mohd Yunus
According to Alwi Mohd Yunus, Malaysia faced major flash flood disaster recently and few states in Peninsular Malaysia were slumped in flood. The aftermath of the biggest massive flood occurrence in Malaysia post an alarming issues on disaster preparedness and disaster recovery programs on records and non records item to organization, companies and everyone that involved directly and indirectly. Most importantly, things had happened through the need for disaster planning and recovery program in relation to records and document prior to the event. Disaster preparedness and disaster recovery program are not in place. Malaysian National Archives had written a guideline on Disaster Management Plan for Records and they have a disaster response team for this kind of crisis. Natural disaster involving rain is the number one disaster in Malaysia and it can cause flood or landslide. Roof leaks can also cause disaster to the records. Having a records disaster plan is one thing need to know the comprehensiveness of disaster plan, action taken when disaster strike and also preventive measures before disaster accur.
3.4 Whether Warning
Summary of new severe weather alert levels that will be used in the severe weather warning system in future provided by Disaster Management South Africa.
Figure 1: weather alert level
3.5 Agency that Responsible to Manage the Disaster
In Malaysia, there one agency that responsible in managing all the disaster happen in Malaysia. They are known as 'Agensi pengurusan bencana Negara (NADMA) Jabatan Perdana Menteri'. Mission of DMA is ensuring safety and welfare of people with foster cooperate as one team to build and enhance capabilities and preparedness in disaster management. Vision of DMA is management lead agency and national disaster preparedness.
Activities that held by this agency be like:
i. 'Bengkel pusat pemindahan banjir'
ii. 'Program fire safety and crisis management forum'
iii. 'Symposium pengurusan kemalangan dan bencana udara'
3.6 Telephone number during emergency
i. Police and ambulance ' 999
ii. Fire ' 994
iii. Civil Defense ' 991
iv. TNB ' 15454
4.0 CONCLUSION
Disaster whether natural or man- made can create a large risk to public records. They might be impairing organizational operations, financial loss and loss support from public. The aim for disaster planning is to prepare the staff about something that might be happen in their repository or archival institution. Planning such an event by developing a disaster prevention, preparedness, recovery and responds can generates a lot of benefits for records and recordkeeping system even beyond risk protection. This disaster planning is essential and important to archival institution in achieving a good record management system. According to Queensland State Archive, implementing a disaster planning will allow the public authority to meet the legal and statutory requirements under the Public Records Act 2002, and to safeguard valuable public records and critical information.
After disaster planning is completely build, they should test the plan. Disaster recovery project (DRP) should test the entire plan as stated to ensure it effective. According to New York Small Business Development Center, here are some methods for testing the disaster plan. First is walkthroughs. Team members should verbalize and visualize the plan. Walkthrough assist in evaluating effectiveness and identifying gaps, bottlenecks or other weakness. It enable for you to review back the plan if there something wrong and need some improvements. Second is simulations, a disaster is stimulated normal operations will not be interrupted. Analyze the previous simulation test to ensure that lessons learned during those test have been applied accordingly. Third is parallel testing, parallel testing can be performed in conjunction with the check list or simulation testing. This would be allowed testing go backup file at the alternate location. Fourth is full interruption testing. Full interruption test activates the total DRP. This test need to be aware because it likely to costly and could disrupt the normal operation.