”ZM”R UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN TURKISH POLITICS ‘ I
FATMA NASIRCAN
20160209126
ALPARSLAN T”RKE”
Alparslan T”rke” come into the world in 25th November 1917 in Nicosia. Firstly, he registers to Kuleli military high school. He meets somebodies who have the same thoughts with him and they become the union, when he registered the Kuleli military high school. He finishes this school in 1936 as a third-lieutenant and after those years of Ankara Staff College begins. After two years of training, he graduates from this college as a second lieutenant in 1938. In 3rd may 1944, Alparslan T”rke” is arrested because of a Turkism case and he is exposed to various tortures. When he goes the court in 20 September 1944, solicitor accuses him with traitors but he objects it by saying my country is a favorite thing for me in the World. However, he was punished imprisonment for nine months and ten days by court. Already he stayed in solitary confinement for a year, so he is acquitted. His punishment was less than one year so he would come back military (T”rke” 2014). Alparslan T”rke” and other 15 Turkish officers get training for two years in USA Army Staff College in 1947. When he comes back to Turkey, he is employed in Gallipoli. In 1951, he passes the staff exam after this mission completed and he graduates from Staff College in 1955 as a squadron leader. In the same year, he passes the exam for foreign duty and he is assigned as a member of NATO Turkish delegation committee. At the same time, he gets training for an international economics in the university and he comes back to turkey in 1957. After he graduated from Germany Atomic and Nuclear school, he becomes a colonel in 1959. He announces a notice from radio that changed destiny of Turkish community in 1960. This notice says that armed forces captured the government. After this date Turkish community hears the name that Alparslan T”rke” frequently because he was a strong colonel of coup. In coup government, he assumes the task of undersecretary of prime ministry. When he has this duty, he established State Planning Organization, State Institute of Statistics and Turkish Culture Research Institute. Alparslan T”rke” and his 14 friends are banished by other members of unity committee in 13th November 1960 because of the conflicts in unity committee. He is banished to India as an adviser of embassy. And for three years, he cannot come back to Turkey. When he came to Turkey, he established the Association of Peace and Ascension with his friends to create a political party. But after short time, he is arrested again with the claim of coup attempt with Talat Aydemir and he stays in prison for four months. In 31 March 1965, he joins Republican Peasant Nation Party (CKMP). In addition, he stands for president but he loses this race. In 1969, name of party is changed as Nationalist Action Party (NAP). In the coalition governments that are established by S”leyman Demirel in 1975-1977, he performs a duty as a Deputy Prime Minister. After 1980 coup, he stays in a prison for four and half years until April 9, 1985. General elections in 1995, he stays out of parliament and in this term he undertakes accommodations task. Alparslan T”rke” passed away after heart attack on April 4, 1997. (”rmeci 2010; https://www.mhp.org.tr/htmldocs/basbug/hayati/mhp/basbugumuzun_hayati.html)
The most important fact of his ideology and world view is Nine Light of Doctrine (9 I”k Doktrini) that are principals of his politic. T”rke” had guided himself Nine Light of Doctrines in 1965. The Doctrine which was 16 pages was transformed program that is 672 pages brochure by expanding. Main principles of Nine Light of Doctrine are these it is mandatory that to unite around a national view in order to protect the last independent Turkish state. A doctrine based on the Turkish nation, history and culture and also to believe in it. This has nothing to do with National Socialism. The rapid development of Turk is possible with entering of the Turkish nation into the atomic and space age. Above the all, this is depending on to have superior and qualified scientists and high techniques around the worldwide. According to their belief, the development of Turkey cannot be provided by imitating the foreign doctrines and management systems that have brought to the market under the conditions of foreign countries. Capitalism, liberalism or communism are not useful for Turkey. The system and vision to develop Turkey should be a national view that only conforms to the characteristics of the Turkish nation and takes into account the reality of the Muslim Turkish nation and accepts modern science and technique as a guiding principle. In short, this formula is the rationale for the Turkish labor potential to connect to the rational factors of the national production factors, the state to open the production routes for the citizens, to take all the measures and provide convenience and play the main role in the increase of national income. This view is based on nine main principles. These principles are Nationalism, Idealism, Morality, Socialism, Science, Freedom and Personality, Peasantry, Development and Populism, Industries and Techniques (https://turanbozkurt.wordpress.com/9-isik-doktrini/). First principle of the doctrine is nationalism. It expresses everything is for Turkish nation, together with Turkish nation and according to Turkish nation. In addition, Nationalism is loyalty and love to the Turkish nation and service to the Turkish state. Alparslan T”rke” said that the ideology of Turkish Nationalism is the antidote to all kinds of foreign ideology poisons that want to divide our nation and our country. Secondly, Idealism aims to the Turkish nation that makes the most advanced, most civilized and strongest entity. Thirdly, morality is based on the principles of protecting and improving the high existence of the Turkish nation in accordance with their spirit and customs. Alparslan T”rke”: ”The Turkish Nation should establish a completely domestic and national administrative system which takes account of own national history, customs and traditions, leads the modern science and technology because every nation's administration system is based on its own conditions, preferences and national characteristics” (http://www.ulkucudunya.com/index.php?page=kitap-icerik-detay&kod=81). Fourthly, socialism is the opinion that all kinds of activities should be carried out in the interests of the society. It contains two parts, one is social and the other is economic. It accepts principle ownership as economic opinion, but it refers to a view that property is used against the nation. Socialism demonstrates that the mixed economy and major strategic economic activities should be under the state control. As social opinion, it accepts the establishment of social justice order, opportunity equality, social security and social assistance organization. Fifthly, Science is the principle that to distinguish the events and the existence from prejudices and to give priority this principle, when examine all kind of activities. Sixthly, Freedom and Personality is aimed to provide all the written freedoms in the Constitution of the United Nations. Moreover, Alparslan T”rke” adds that ”As the Turkish nation, our national character has a distinctive feature. Turks do not accept the use of others as servants nor used by others. We are against the mentality that does not have respect the dignity of humanity and look down on the Turkish nation and the Turkish people”(http://www.ulkucudunya.com/index.php?page=kitap-icerik-detay&kod=81). It also accepts useful way that the development of people as personality for development of society. Seventhly, Peasantry predicts to develop villages by transforming agricultural cities and combining. This principle aims becoming a cooperative in order to be saved from hand of loan sharks and provides loan and assistance that that they need. Especially, it aims to provide the prosperity for villagers who live in the forest region primarily and rapidly. Eight one is Development and Populism. People and civilizations always develop by finding and looking better, more beautiful, and perfect. People and civilizations do not content themselves to obtain and should want better one, also make an effort to obtain it. However, in this effort main principle is advance and rise without breaking from the history, national identity and root of the Turkish nation. In all activities, being with people is an irreplaceable principle of advancing. Last but not least one is Industries and Techniques. Today, strength of a society depends on having a modern industrial enterprise, the highest level of technology and industry. Turkish nation should become most advanced industrial country to be able to modern and strength country. It does not mean that agriculture will be neglected. Turkish nation will establish modern agricultural system with developing of the industry. These are the contents of principles. By adhering to these principles, T”rke” works to make turkey most powerful country in the world. (https://turanbozkurt.wordpress.com/9-isik-doktrini; http://www.ulkucudunya.com/index.php?page=kitap-icerik-detay&kod=81)
Alparslan T”rke” left trace to two coups which were existed in Turkish political history. First one is 1960 coup. The 1960 coup was the first military coup in turkey and was not made in command chain. The National Unity Committee (NUC) which was contained 37 people planned and implemented the coup. Before 27 May 1960, T”rke” was appointed to the Ankara from his duty in Elaz” and became a member of a NUC that carried out the coup. He had a critical role in the coup. He announced the coup on the radio officially on 27 May and his name was started to hear often. Separation began in the NUC with taking control the army. When one group wanted to leave the power from army to the civilians who mean Republican People’s Party (RPP), other group which was located Alparslan T”rke” demonstrated that state is not ready for the election. The second group demanded that for four years NUC should stay in power and to be an alternative by preparing elections against to RPP during this period. After long discussions, it was accepted that NUC is going to stay in power for four years, to make fundamental reforms, to refer to referendum and to participate in elections which is going to be held as National Union Party by 26 votes. Committee took the decision in early September 1960. During these events, the Committee was divided into groups. The group which was located Alparslan T”rke” is named as ”14ler”. Various activities which was carried out between the 14ler were disturbing by ”n”n” and strengthened opposing views within the committee. A memorandum was issued by Cemal G”rsel on 13 November 1960. The memorandum said that the works of NUC came to a situation which would endanger the high interests of the country and NUC will be abolished the demands of the members of Turkish Armed Forces and NUC. New NUC was created and the group of 14 people including Alparslan T”rke” was not located the new NUC. They were retired from army and exiled. Alparslan T”rke’s duty was advisor of ambassador in India. After the coup, the interpretation of T”rke” draws attention: ”After I have gotten the experience of May 27, I believed that it is not possible to serve a country through coup. The best way that serves country is possible by law. No matter how failing or missing. The coup destroys authority and anarchy begins. It is very difficult to stop anarchy, re-establish authority and order and country will damage from that. I have been in it, I have actively lived it. I recommend to intellectuals of country and patriotic people; the worst legal order is good from the best coup” (13 Kas”m Tasfiyesi ve Alparslan T”rke’in S”rg”ne G”nderili”i 2014). He developed his ideology while in India and prepared 9 light doctrines (Bellaigue 1997).
1980 coup which is second one left deep traces in Alparslan T”rke”'s life like as other political party leaders. Prime Minister S”leyman Demirel, Head of Main Opposition party leader B”lent Ecevit and Head of National Salvation Party leader Necmettin Erbakan were observed and sent them to Hamzak”y. Coup became all the politicians ineffective. The fact that Alparslan T”rke” has not seen around was disturbing National Security Council. Thus, in the memorandum of number 13 of the coup, Kenan Evren wanted to him surrender. Otherwise, Alparslan T”rke” would be seen as a criminal (Pazarc” 2009). Then, Alparslan T”rke” surrendered to the Central Command of Ankara on 14 September and sent to Uzunada. After one month, he was brought to Ankara and was arrested after his first interrogation. Because military prosecutor demanded his judgment by claiming T”rke” to be included various actions. After being detained in the Ordu Language School for a while which was brought to prison T”rke” was brought to Ankara and transferred to the Mamak Soldier Detention House which will be passed for many years. During his judgment, prosecutor Nurettin Soyer was demanding the punishment of many idealists especially Alparslan Turkes, for execution. The prosecutor used for Alparslan T”rke’s execution some criminal evidence. Alparslan T”rke” has been raised to head of the party in order to seize power by taking part in the political party. While Alparslan T”rke” carrying out the processes of publicity, propaganda and gathering voter within the framework of the Constitution and the laws, on the other hand he aimed to form new state order according to his ideology. The organization that has established for this purpose has led the nation of Turkey to collective chaos against each other. For this, he created an organization which was centralized and separated into graded ranks among Nationalist Action Party (NAP), Youth Branches of NAP, Idealist Associations, Idealistic Professional Organizations, citizens and schools (Yal”n 2014). Alparslan T”rke” has replied this criminal follows as: ”This indictment consists of lie and slander from beginning to end. My whole life, my statements, my speeches and my conduct are the rejection of this claim” (Yal”n 2014). After this expression of T”rke”, trustee was appointed to all political parties by command of Kenan Evren and all assets were confiscated. All the political parties were prohibited from politics before the trial ended. Moreover, in the indictment, it was mentioned that NAP turned into an armed gang. Alparslan T”rke” said that he was exposed to this consequence only because of his ideas and thoughts and there was no criminal behavior during this criminal proceeding. He also added that this decision is contrary to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Constitution of the United Nations and high court decisions. In prison, examples of cruelty, torture and injustice have been experienced. 2 013 idealists were killed. 6 728 idealists were disabled or injured. 23 043 were arrested in nationalist prisons. 2 651 idealists had to flee abroad (Tan 2008). T”rke” stated that they acted intentionally with antagonism and prejudice against the nationalists and the idealists. Under these circumstances, the case of NAP and Nationalist Organizations was completed 2168 days later. Alparslan T”rke” was sentenced to 4 years, 5 months, 28 days by Military Court and all of the members of NAP were acquitted. However, the T”rke” who is head of the party was found guilty. In addition to his imprisonment, he was also sentenced to permanent detention in Ankara and deprivation of public services for life. Alparslan T”rke” demonstrated his reaction against to this decision, ”I will continue my political life and nobody will be able to prevent this”. Political bans were abolished with the referendum held in 1987. Thus, Alparslan T”rke” took his place in the political scene again. Alparslan T”rke”, who became the leader of the Nationalist Workers Party (NWP) which was still very weak in those years has progressed despite difficulties, absence, impossibilities, even betrayal (Yal”n 2014). NWP, Welfare Party and Reformer Democracy Party participate the general election held on 20 October 1991 as alliance. This alliance, which received 16.9% of the votes, was entitled to enter parliament. After the election, Alparslan T”rke” and his 18 friends formed the Democratic Action Party (DAP). On 29 December 1991, In the Ordinary Congress these 19 deputies joined the NWP, so DAP abolished by itself. In this Congress, Alparslan T”rke” was elected again as head of the party. The law, which ordered the closure of political parties in the period of 12 September, was canceled on June 19, 1982 and the reopening of NAP was on the agenda. The NWP took the name of NAP and decided to use three crescent emblems with the Extraordinary Congress held on January 24, 1993. Thus, NAP was born second time. On March 27, 1994, the MHP entered local elections, reaching the highest power on record with a vote of 7.95%. However, in the general elections held in December 1995, the MHP did not enter parliament despite 8.18% of the vote as it could not exceed the 10% threshold (12 Eyl”l Sonras”nda MHP 2014).
Alparslan T”rke” who has not direct effect on the February 28 warned Erbakan on February 28. However, another coup was added the history of Turkey as Erbakan did not take into account warning of Alparslan T”rke” (28 ”ubat ”ncesi T”rke”, Erbakan'” Uyarm”! 2005).
REFERENCES
2014. ”12 Eyl”l Sonras”nda MHP.” ”lk” Ocaklar” E”itim ve K”lt”r Vakf” . http://www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr/ulkucuhareket/basbug-alparslan-turkes/hayati/12-eylul-sonrasinda-mhp.
2014. ”13 Kas”m Tasfiyesi ve Alparslan T”rke’in S”rg”ne G”nderili”i.” ”lk” Ocaklar” E”itim ve K”lt”r Vakf” . http://www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr/ulkucuhareket/basbug-alparslan-turkes/hayati/27-mayis-ihtilali-ve-alparslan-turkes/13-kasim-tasfiyesi-ve-alparslan-turkesin-surgune-gonderilisi.
2005. ”28 ”ubat ”ncesi T”rke”, Erbakan'” Uyarm”!” 10 December . http://www.haber3.com/28-subat-oncesi-turkes-erbakani-uyarmis-75168h.htm.
Bellaigue, Christopher de. 1997. ”Obituary: Alpaslan Turkes.” INDEPENDENT . 9 April . http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alpaslan-turkes-1266076.html.
Bozkurt, Turan. tarih yok. ”9 I”k Doktrini.” Turan Bozkurt . https://turanbozkurt.wordpress.com/9-isik-doktrini/.
n.d. ”Dokuz I”k Nedir?” ”lk”c” D”nya G”r” . http://www.ulkucudunya.com/index.php?page=kitap-icerik-detay&kod=83.
Mercan, Faruk. 2005. ”28 ”ubat ”ncesi t”rke” erbakan'” uyarm” .” haber 3 .
n.d. ”Milliyet”i Hareket Partisi .” T”rk D”nyas”n”n Bilge Lideri T”rk Milliyet”ili”inin Kurucusu Ba”bu” Alparslan T”rke”'in Hayat” . Eri”ildi: 2016. https://www.mhp.org.tr/htmldocs/basbug/hayati/mhp/basbugumuzun_hayati.html.
”rmeci, Ozan. 2010. ”Alparslan T”rke” .” 13 august. http://ydemokrat.blogspot.com.tr/2010/08/alparslan-turkes.html.
Pazarc”, Emin. 2009. ”htilali Bekleyen T”rke” Tedbirsiz Yakaland” .” Takvim .
Tan, Alper. 2008. ”12 Eyl”l 1980 Darbesi Ve Milliyet”iler.” 3 May. http://www.kanalahaber.com/yazar/alper-tan/12-eylul-1980-darbesi-ve-milliyetciler-15/.
T”rke”, Alparslan. 2014. 3 May”s 1944 Olaylar”na ”li”kin Ba”bu” ”le Yap”lan R”portaj http://www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr/ulkucuhareket/tarihi-donemecler/3-mayis-1944/3-mayis-1944-olaylarina-iliskin-basbug-ile-yapilan-roportaj.
n.d. ”lk”c” D”nya G”r” .” Dokuz I”k Nedir? http://www.ulkucudunya.com/index.php?page=kitap-icerik-detay&kod=83.
Yal”n, E. Semih. 2014. ”12 Eyl”l 1980 Darbesi .” ”lk” Ocaklar” E”itim ve K”lt”r Vakf”. http://www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr/ulkucuhareket/tarihi-donemecler/12-eylul-1980-darbesi.