Science essays

Introduction Microbiology have played a major role in beer production ever since the old Egyptians came up with the first beer-like recipe. Throughout the years understanding and discovery of the microbiological processes in beer production been key to where we are today. In this report, I will study the major discoveries in microbiological processes since … Read more

On July 4th 1997 many people were celebrating North America’s independence with family and friends, but the scientists and engineers at NASA were far more interested in what was happening outside of the planet Earth. On that day, NASA’s Pathfinder Mission had just begun when its rover “Sojourner” landed on the surface of Mars. The … Read more

Ignorance of science should not be seen as a deficit to be remedied. The deficit model is an outdated idea that suggests science, being ‘superior’/ ‘more reliable’/ ‘more accurate’ or ‘more important’ than other forms of knowledge, should be instilled into the “empty” minds of non-scientists. It supports that the reason the lay public consciously … Read more

“Doubt is the key to knowledge”, what does this sentence mean, and exactly what does it connotate? My personal opinion states that doubt is a state of mind, between belief and disbelief, which involves uncertainty or distrust. Doubt involves the questioning of a perceived notion. It opens one to inquisition and compels a reassessment of … Read more

Abstract A high-performance modified electrode was developed to sense hydrogen peroxide, based on immobilization of Cytochrome c onto a glassy carbon electrode modified with polyaniline and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite (Cyt c/PAN/cMWCNTs/GC electrode). Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the hybrid matrix properties of the Cyt c/PAN/cMWCNTs/GC electrode were characterized. The … Read more

Sample dissolution followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was a popular sample preparation technique for many years. However, traditional LLE is tedious, time-consuming, and costly. LLE requires several sample handling steps and can cause many difficulties, including phase emulsions, handling large solvent volumes, and impure and wet extractions. Other classical sample preparation techniques include centrifugation, filtration, … Read more

In the vast world of biology, there are many fascinating things occurring in nature that scientists strive to give explanations to. Anything occurring in the natural world, on any level, is a question begging to be answered. Viruses are endlessly intriguing and provoke a continuing field of research. They are considered non-living, yet what they … Read more

The heterozygote advantage and genetic drift concepts have aided inheritable diseases such as hemochromatosis and cystic fibrosis. Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disorder in which the body. The disorder is a heterozygous compound which dates back to the Viking era. In order to survive in the iron weak environments of northern Europe, their bodies developed the … Read more

Abstract: In this paper, we derive closed form solutions for the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimators for speech enhancement in additive Gaussian noise assuming a t-location-scale probability density function (PDF) as clean speech prior. Fitting a t-location-scale PDF to the real and imaginary parts of the DFT coefficients of … Read more

Cyanobacteria constitute the most basic beings ever to appear on our planet. Their ability to use water as an electron source in photosynthesis contributes largely to the balance between CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not only a greenhouse gas increasing in the Earth’s atmosphere, but also a key metabolite in … Read more

Introduction Often times, electric fish utilize electrical signals to sense how the environment changes its signal. The signal is often known as electrolocation (items in the environment alter the electrical field) or electrocommunication (using electric abilities to signal to other fish). To emit these signals, the Glass Knifefish has specialized electrolytes near its tail comprising … Read more

CHEMICALS Kits for the analyses of blood serum enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and LDH), Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Urea, Creatinine, Bilirubin (total & direct) were purchased from Merck (private) Limited, France, and Ecoline, Germany. Acetaminophen was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, U.S.A. Other chemicals and reagents were used in the analyses of reduced Glutathione and Lipid peroxidation … Read more

Written by Teresa Chiang, Richard M. Schultz, and Michael A. Lampson, Meiotic Origins of Maternal Age-Related Aneuploidy (cited below), focuses on a major category of chromosome mutations known as aneuploidy. As defined by An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (cited below), if the chromosome number of an individual differs from the wild type by part of … Read more

Summary Sodium bisulfite treatment of DNA strands can detect methylated cytosines which can enable researchers to discover more information on the causes and effects of methylated cytosines. However, this produces many challenges with aligning bisulfite reads to a reference genome as the reference genome does not exactly match the bisulfite reads and up to four … Read more