Improvement of organic solar cells efficiencies

World population growth has caused an increase in worldwide energy demand which has in turn led to an enhancement of energy production, still largely dependent on fossil fuels. While coal, oil and natural gas are still able to fulfil worldwide energy requirements, nowadays the natural resources are facing a decrease in availability and the generated … Read more

Gram Staining in Bacterial Cells and Gram Negative Bacterial Infections

Abstract Gram staining is a laboratory technique used to differentiate gram negative and gram positive bacterial cells using light microscopy. The procedure was invented in 1884 by a bacteriologist, Christian Gram. Gram negative bacterial cells have a thin peptidoglycan wall within the cell membrane. During gram staining, these cells decolorize and the peptidoglycan wall maintains … Read more

Insect adaptations to herbivory and plant defence mechanisms

Insect adaptations to herbivory and plant defence mechanisms are driven by the coevolutionary arms race between the evolutions of offence (herbivore) and the evolution of defence (plants). A plant’s succession in defending against a herbivore will drive the evolution of a successful herbivore, which in turn will drive the evolution of new defences from the … Read more

The San Francisco Estuary Project

The San Francisco Estuary project was started in 1987 in conjunction with the Clean Water Act. The San Francisco Estuary is one of the largest estuaries in North America and consists of San Francisco Bay all the way to the delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento river. The Delta and Bay are over 60 … Read more

Solar photovoltaic power plant serving an office building

The paper analyzes a solar photovoltaic power plant serving an office building located in southern Italy. Space heating and cooling building demand is satisfied by a ground source heat pump partly activated by electric energy available from photovoltaic panels. Thermo-economic performance of this system varying photovoltaic peak power (4.5-7.5 kW) and electric battery capacity (3.2-9.6 … Read more

Efficiency of nitrogen utilization in dairy cows

Feeding the ever-growing world population with limited environmental resources is a topic of growing concern. Specifically, consumer demand for animal-based protein sources such as meat and milk have risen due to increased wealth of some populations (Follett and Hatfield, 2001; Helms, 2004; Robinson, 2010). Consequently, animal production must be executed in a sustainable matter to … Read more

Impact of air pollution on the human body

Clean air generally consists of 78% nitrogen gas and 21% oxygen and 1% of a mixture of gases (primarily argon, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen and helium). The less than desirable substances that lead to polluted air are classified by the EPA as “criteria” air pollutants. The NAAQS was established by the EPA for the six … Read more

Consequences of the global environmental crisis

Environmental Crisis. Humanity has faced numerous problems along with the rapid development, moreover, this rapid growth of population and herculean industrialization are the very reasons of the ongoing problems faced by the human population, such as widespread poverty all over the globe, especially in African, Asian and Latin American regions, depletion of natural resources, gradual … Read more

Benefits of solar energy

Solar energy is the most abundant energy on the planet. Eighty four billion kilowatt-hours of light energy get to earth every twenty four hours (Dufour, 2015). Solar energy is energy released from the sun. It is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. Solar energy is … Read more

Benefits and drawbacks of biofuel

Introduction It is no surprise that there is a growing concern in today’s society regarding climate change. One of the world’s largest contributors to this issue is vehicle emissions and air pollution. When the average consumer fills up at the pump, they often do not take the time to think about the production, consumption, and … Read more

Insect diversity as a result of deforestation (focus: Philippines)

The continuing destruction of forest and its conversion to other land use is considered as the major threat to the abundance and diversity of insects in the Philippines. This entails negative impacts to the processes in the ecosystem affecting their roles as natural pollinators, undertakers, leaf litter sweepers, garbage collectors, soil conditioners, natural fertilizer producers, … Read more

Coral reef bleaching – issues and challenges

The occurrence, variety, and proportion of climate change on coral reefs are rising to the level that they are being globally endangered. Estimated increases in sea surface temperature over the following 50 years due to global warming, beat the circumstances under which coral reefs have developed over the past 500 million years. Corals are thermally … Read more