Improvement of organic solar cells efficiencies

World population growth has caused an increase in worldwide energy demand which has in turn led to an enhancement of energy production, still largely dependent on fossil fuels. While coal, oil and natural gas are still able to fulfil worldwide energy requirements, nowadays the natural resources are facing a decrease in availability and the generated … Read more

Gram Staining in Bacterial Cells and Gram Negative Bacterial Infections

Abstract Gram staining is a laboratory technique used to differentiate gram negative and gram positive bacterial cells using light microscopy. The procedure was invented in 1884 by a bacteriologist, Christian Gram. Gram negative bacterial cells have a thin peptidoglycan wall within the cell membrane. During gram staining, these cells decolorize and the peptidoglycan wall maintains … Read more

Solar photovoltaic power plant serving an office building

The paper analyzes a solar photovoltaic power plant serving an office building located in southern Italy. Space heating and cooling building demand is satisfied by a ground source heat pump partly activated by electric energy available from photovoltaic panels. Thermo-economic performance of this system varying photovoltaic peak power (4.5-7.5 kW) and electric battery capacity (3.2-9.6 … Read more

Efficiency of nitrogen utilization in dairy cows

Feeding the ever-growing world population with limited environmental resources is a topic of growing concern. Specifically, consumer demand for animal-based protein sources such as meat and milk have risen due to increased wealth of some populations (Follett and Hatfield, 2001; Helms, 2004; Robinson, 2010). Consequently, animal production must be executed in a sustainable matter to … Read more

Insect adaptations to herbivory and plant defence mechanisms

Insect adaptations to herbivory and plant defence mechanisms are driven by the coevolutionary arms race between the evolutions of offence (herbivore) and the evolution of defence (plants). A plant’s succession in defending against a herbivore will drive the evolution of a successful herbivore, which in turn will drive the evolution of new defences from the … Read more

The San Francisco Estuary Project

The San Francisco Estuary project was started in 1987 in conjunction with the Clean Water Act. The San Francisco Estuary is one of the largest estuaries in North America and consists of San Francisco Bay all the way to the delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento river. The Delta and Bay are over 60 … Read more

Insect diversity as a result of deforestation (focus: Philippines)

The continuing destruction of forest and its conversion to other land use is considered as the major threat to the abundance and diversity of insects in the Philippines. This entails negative impacts to the processes in the ecosystem affecting their roles as natural pollinators, undertakers, leaf litter sweepers, garbage collectors, soil conditioners, natural fertilizer producers, … Read more

Coral reef bleaching – issues and challenges

The occurrence, variety, and proportion of climate change on coral reefs are rising to the level that they are being globally endangered. Estimated increases in sea surface temperature over the following 50 years due to global warming, beat the circumstances under which coral reefs have developed over the past 500 million years. Corals are thermally … Read more

Toxic waste in Bangladesh

Committee: United Nations Environmental Programme Topic: Toxic Waste Country: People’s Republic of Bangladesh A. Hazardous waste is any chemical that is potentially harmful to  the environment and the living things that surround and get exposed to it. The chemicals and waste make a significant impact on an economic and environmental level. For example, one major event … Read more

Landing obligation in fisheries policy

The North Sea is under pressure of pollution, most of the time, due to human activities. Due to this pollution, fish stocks decline. Not only human activities cause this decline in fish, also extreme nature events can disturb a fish population in see. Some scientists, for example Tim Daw says the decline in fish stock … Read more

Improving E-waste management system in India.

Metals recycling from WEEE helps substantial level of energy saving then metal minimizing from ores. For instance, Cui and Forssberg (2003), advised that the extaction and recovering of metals (Al:95%, Cu:85%, Fe:74%, Pb:65%, and Zn:60%) saves level of the overall energy needed to mine them from primary resources. Thus, recovery of metals from WEEE has … Read more

ER-generational and intra-generational equity

These two principals are universally acceptable however there might be ambiguity as to whether they are soft laws or customary international laws. Inter-generational equity Inter-generational equity is defined as a concept which states that humans inherited the earth from previous generations and are tasked to pass it on to future generations in a reasonable condition. … Read more

The Flint Water Crisis

Clean and healthy water should be obtainable to everyone in the United States, however in April 2014 that didn’t seem to be the case in Flint, Michigan, U.S. The people of Flint, Michigan were about to endure a tragedy. This all became a reality in 2011, the city of Flint was in an economic downfall. … Read more