Current methods of tissue acquisition

Since time immemorial, physicians have attempted to tailor the treatments of their patients to suit the individual – from Hippocrates, who prescribed drugs based on the individual’s age, physique and constitution, to Prakriti based Ayurvedic medicine, to the Persian sage Avicenna. Whereas previously, treatment was based on broader characteristics, we are now delving into minutia- … Read more

Vaccine Case Study (MMR)

A couple who are parents of 3 children are having an issue with giving their one year old child the MMR Vaccination, MMR stands for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. The parents believe after giving the MMR Vaccine to their five year old, that symptoms of Autism arose within their child. They believe the same symptoms … Read more

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder also known as PTSD. PTSD is a disorder that has been around for a long time but was not recognized as an actual diagnosis until 1980 when it was added to the American Psychiatric Association ‘s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. PTSD is the name we know it by now … Read more

Awareness and treatment of breast cancer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About 40,000 women and 400 men in the U.S. die each year from breast cancer,” (CDC, 2016). For ages now, breast cancer awareness has reached out to communities all over the country, yet most of us do not concern ourselves with this particular cause. We tend … Read more

Understand the process and experience of dementia

Outcome 1 – Understand the neurology of dementia. 1.1) The brain is a complex organ containing around 100 billion cells, and it is divided up into different areas controlling different functions of the body. When dementia occurs some of these cells will sop working properly and will affect the way a person thinks, communicates and … Read more

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Introduction Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in one’s appearance. These ‘flaws’ may be physical anomalies that are not observable or appear subtle to others. It affects 2% of the general population, making it more prevalent than schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and anorexia nervosa. It … Read more

Diagonal Earlobe Crease May Predict Early Atherosclerosis

Diagonal Earlobe Crease May Predict Early Atherosclerosis Without Clinical Manifestation of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Diagonal earlobe crease (DEL) is defined as diagonal fold or wrinkle of the ear lobe skin, extending from the tragus towards the ear lobe. DEL can be seen in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (1). This condition was first … Read more

Infertility study

Infertility is defined by the World Health Organization as a medical condition of the reproductive system characterized by the couples’ failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2017). However, immediate attention must be given if any risk factor for infertility is present, such … Read more

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy – relationship with head trauma

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is characterized as a progressive, neurodegenerative disease caused by repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (1). CTE is different from other neurological diseases due to differences in prominent tauopathy patterns (3,4). These differences are noted by a histopathological analysis postmortem. Since diagnosis of CTE can only be made postmortem and effects are … Read more

Dementia with Lewy bodies presenting as probable epileptic seizure

We discuss the case of an 83-year-old man admitted to hospital after losing control of his vehicle due to unexplained altered consciousness. This occurred on a background of multiple similar episodes associated with acutely worsened confusion, superimposed on a gradual cognitive decline spanning 6 years. Organic aetiologies for delirium were excluded and CT and MRI … Read more

Axillary Arch Muscle and its effect on various structures in Axilla

Abstract Out of different variations in axilla, the most understood is a muscular or fibromuscular slip known as Axillary Arch Muscle. It courses from the latissimus dorsi muscle to different areas of pectoral region. Different studies have shown presence of this muscle having incidence of 7-8%. The present study was conducted in department of Anatomy, … Read more

Spinal fusions and minimally invasive surgeries

This paper explains the history of how spinal fusions and minimally invasive surgeries came to be. It is explained how quality of care and the effectiveness of spinal operations have evolved. The governmental role is explained regarding the financing of these surgeries. Medicare and Medicaid is explained and how it comes into play for low … Read more

Disease in Australia – prevention and treatment

Malaria Malaria is a life-threatening disease of the blood, caused by parasites and transmitted to humans through the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Malaria in humans is caused by four species of the protozoan Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasite enters the … Read more

The West Nile virus

Originally discovered in Uganda in 1937, the West Nile virus is a potentially debilitating disease that has affected thousands of individuals who exhibit both intraocular and central nervous system manifestations.1-5 Decades after its discovery, with the help of migratory birds and mosquito populations, there was a steady increase of West Nile virus occurrences in the … Read more

Complications of open fractures

Introduction The most frequent complication of open fractures, with a reported incidence of 3 to 40%, is infection1. The anatomy of the tibia with limited soft tissue coverage and marginal blood supply that can be easily disrupted from soft tissue injury predisposes open fractures of the tibia to high rates of infection (Newman Injury). Open … Read more