Alzheimer’s Disease causes, symptoms, treatment

Description of disorder: Alzheimer’s disease (also known as AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease often characterized by memory loss, a deterioration in both comprehension and vocalisation of language, a disrupted ability in spatial awareness and navigation, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and mood swings. The disorder involves the gradual destruction of brain tissue over a certain … Read more

Atherosclerosis complications

Cardiovascular disease results from the narrowing of the blood vessels which restricts the transport of blood from and to the tissues of the whole body. This reduction in blood volume to the organs can be fatal because oxygen must be continuously supplied to meet the metabolic demand. Macrovascular complications are narrowing or complete blockage of … Read more

Teratogens and birth defects

Every woman when pregnant has a 4-5% chance of having a baby born with a birth defect, and these chances increase when the developing fetus is exposed to teratogens, whether it’s intentional or unintentional. Teratogens can cause severe birth defects, malformations, or terminate the pregnancy altogether. The placenta is known as an effective barrier from … Read more

Analysing two studies on testosterone and cortisol

Hormones are chemical substances produced in the human body which regulate and control certain cells and organs’ activities. One hormone, testosterone, is an androgen that plays a major role in male sperm production, as well as affecting their behavioral reactions; aggression and selfishness are examples of high testosterone levels. Another hormone, cortisol, is a stress … Read more

Cryptococcosis – cryptococcal disease

Cryptococcosis can be known as cryptococcal disease, is a sever fungal disease. It can be caused by one of two species; Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. They were all thought before to be subspecies of C. neoformans but can now been identified as different species. Cryptococcosis can be acquired by inhalation of the infectious spore … Read more

Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease (Pathophysiology and diagnosis)

Introduction In developing countries, rheumatic carditis tends to affect cardiac valves leading to their rapid deterioration due to repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever. It is estimated that 15.6 million people suffer from RHD worldwide, with nearly 233,000 related deaths each year (Carapetis J. et al., 2005). Mitral valve is the most commonly affected cardiac … Read more

History Of Narcotics

Narcotics have been used widely in therapeutics in ancient cultures like Egyptian , Chinese and Asian people. Being oblivious of the side effects and addictive characteristics of these narcotics (Opioid/Opium), they widely used it for various problems like for pain killing, to relieve pain during child birth and etc. Opium, which is a derivative of … Read more

Validity, Reliability of WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0(WHODAS2.0) Multiple Sclerosis

Validity, Reliability of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0(WHODAS2.0) Persian Version in People with Multiple Sclerosis Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, complicated and chronic disease of central nervous system that has affected more than 2 million people at the world and it is the most common neurological cause of disability in young … Read more

Breast cancer

1.1 Cancer Cancer, a devastating disease raised due to uncontrolled cell growth, can commence anywhere in the human body and invades into adjacent tissues to form lumps or masses of tissues. It develops when body’s normal cell division stops working or goes out of control. In some cases, old cells do not die and in … Read more

Gestational diabetes mellitus – epidemiology, mechanism, pathogenesis

Introduction Pathophysiology means changes in normal body function (physiology and biochemistry) which lead to developing disease. For example, changes in the insulin levels in the blood as it is decreased or their action becomes impaired it will lead to eventually to diabetes mellitus (Al-Noaemi & Shalayel, 2011). The diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of … Read more

Gestational diabetes – nature, risk factors, screening, treatment

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased recently worldwide. If we want to understand the nature of this disorder, we have to know that Gestational diabetes might appear during pregnancy. Like other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes influences how cells use glucose in our bodies. Usually it causes high blood sugar that can … Read more

How does partnership working benefit children and young people with disabilities?

Partnership working can be described as “A relationship between individuals or groups that is characterized by mutual cooperation and responsibility, as for the achievement of a specified goal” Author unknown, (2016). I have chosen to look at this topic as i am interested in ways of how partnership working can benefit children and young people … Read more

Vitamin C and chronic kidney disease

The study was conducted in the city of Groningen, which is in the most northern province in the Netherlands. Participants with chronic kidney disease were selected for this study. The participants were divided in two groups, a predialysis and a kidney transplant group. All participants gave written informed consent. This study focussed on the vitamin … Read more