Oral leukoplakia (OL)

Introduction Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. [1] Leukoplakia may occur anywhere on the oral mucosa and its prevalence varies from 0.2% to 5.2% of the Indian population. [2] The tobacco chewing habit both in smoking and smokeless form is the most common cause for oral leukoplakia. … Read more

Community belonging and HIV-related stigma

1. Introduction According to AVERT, “South Africa has the biggest and most high profile HIV epidemic in the world, with an estimated 7.2 million people living with HIV in 2017” (AVERT 2018). South Africa accounts for a third of all new HIV-infections in southern Africa and the year 2017 counted 270,000 new HIV-infections. That year … Read more

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (liver cancer)

Epidemiology Liver cancer in adult men is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The number of deaths per year in HCC is virtually identical to the incidence throughout the world, underscoring the high case fatality rate of this aggressive disease (Jemal et … Read more

Employee Burn Out: The Conceptual Understanding

1.1 Background Information The success of any organization is dependent on human resources – neither money, nor technology or infrastructure can deliver excellence without the requisite human resource bank. Nor money buy human resources – for this is one resource which develops and appreciates over time, while other resources depreciate. Thus, it is being realized … Read more

Kaposi’s Sarcoma / KSHV

1.1 Characteristics of Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) was firstly described by a Hungarian dermatologist Moritz Kaposi in 1892, and the original five patients of KS all had a fatal outcome with 2-3 years. However, it was later found to be mostly an indolent disease which is common in the Mediterranean region and in parts … Read more

Social distancing and impacts on social isolation

The presentation on social distancing and impacts on social isolation discusses the policy recommendation that the households with four individuals or less must have the option to associate with another particular household once every week. It must be a similar household that they are interfacing with every week and not surpass a total of eight … Read more

Relationship between burnout, perceived competence & self-efficacy

The current study seeks to establish whether there exists a relationship between burnout, perceived competence and self-efficacy among young adults. There have been several studies done around similar constructs. The study’s goal was to look into academic burnout in university students with varying levels of self-efficacy. Academic burnout and self-efficacy questionnaires were completed by 120 … Read more

Impact of Coronavirus on sport

As the number of confirmed coronavirus cases worldwide has skyrocketed, major sporting events have been canceled or postponed. The majority of competitive recreational sports at all levels are hanging in suspension. Many individuals (athletic and nonathletic) are not able to actively participate in their regular individual or group sporting or physical activities outside of their … Read more

Four models of addiction (Biological, Disease, Family and Moral Model)

In counseling others who are struggling with addiction, it is important to have an understanding how why and how they became addicted. There are various theoretical models that explain the underlying factors that lead to addiction, therefore it is difficult to only choose one single theory to best explain it. For many counselors, integrating different … Read more

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)

Executive Summary Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multi-modal interdisciplinary approach to change the surgical field by decreasing complications and length of stay in patients undergoing necessary surgical procedures. Studies suggest that the effects of these protocol implications have a profound effect by decreasing complications and length of stay by 10-50%1,2 through the support … Read more

The stigma surrounding mental illness

Mental illness is defined as a health problem resulting from complex interactions between an individual’s mind, body and environment which can significantly affect their behavior, actions and thought processes. A variety of mental illnesses exist, impacting the body and mind differently, whilst affecting the individual’s mental, social and physical wellbeing to varying degrees. A range … Read more

Sickle-cell conditions

NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURE: Hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes and is important for normal oxygen delivery to tissues. Hemoglobinopathies are disorders affecting the structure, function or production of hemoglobin. Different hemoglobins are produced during embryonic, fetal and adult life. Each consists of a tetramer of globin polypeptide chains: a pair of ”-like chains 141 amino acids … Read more

Sphingolipids

Summary In this project is the effect of cholesterol at ceramide converting in sphingomyeline, glucosylceramide, ceramide 1-fosfaat and sphingosine in SK-N-AS and HeLa cells discovered. Those sphingolipids are found in mammalian cell membranes are involved in a variety of different functions like first/second messengers, membrane lipid rafts, and in a lot of different signalling pathways … Read more