Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine injection in terms of post-operative pain

Abstract AIMS & OBJECTIVES: o To assess the outcome of intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine injection in terms of post-operative pain (visual analogue score) and duration of hospital stay (in hours) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SETTINGS: o This study was conducted at Department of Surgery, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. DURATION: o July 2015 to December … Read more

How did medical statistics come to be?

Statistics, as used in contemporary context, is a word that when used makes many think about numbers, data, and/or mathematics. Merriam-Webster defines statistics as “a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data.” What a single definition fails to represent, though, is how this collection and interpretation … Read more

Contributions of Hippocrates and Galen

Medicine holds an extensive and important history, as it has been an important task for Gods and healers to treat illnesses and heal injuries since the beginning of civilization. Early references to medicine were made by Homer, who described Machaon treating wounded warriors by removing arrows and applying drugs and bandages to wounds. The ancient … Read more

Effectiveness of antibiotics against the common bacteria’s such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli

This experiment was performed to determine which antibiotic provides the largest zone of inhibition and to determine which antibiotic is more effective to inhibit or completely kill the bacteria successfully. Eight antibiotics (penicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, SxT, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, and tetracycline) were used to determine which would inhibit growth of the pure cultures … Read more

Developments in cancer cell research

Biological Importance: Cancer Cells research has developed rapidly over the last century with people worldwide becoming more and more aware of the different forms of cancer, but the topic itself still includes unanswered questions about how cancer forms and the structure and function of them. Although scientific and medical research has advanced, people are still … Read more

The Four Temperaments Theory

Greek physicians would define people in one of, or more, four different categories called the Four Temperaments Theory, The Four Temperaments Theory describe four types of being: Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic, and Phlegmatic. Each temperament has its own unique set of characteristics, including physical features, which would help Greek physicians determine and treat their clients. This … Read more

Antibiotics resistance in developing countries

Increasing use of antibiotic in human , agriculture and animals lead to have acquired antibiotics resistance in developing countries and it is not restricted to developing countries, it growing worldwide to be one of the most serious problem to global public health. In  the U.S it might be the more common cause of deaths by single … Read more

An Introduction to Aspergillosis

In the spring, when trees and plants are in full bloom, the air we breathe becomes more saturated with pollen. More and more individuals are plagued with nasal congestion, sneezing, and cough- allergies. As humans, we tend to be focused on tasks, going day by day, often not stopping to notice our surroundings until it … Read more

Quality and Safety in Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Body Radiation Therapy

Quality and Safety in Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Body Radiation Therapy Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been an effective modality for the treatment of benign and malignant cranial disease for over 50 years and both; stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) require specialized technology, meticulous procedures, and dedicated personnel (Solberg & Medin, 2010).  There … Read more

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine – ethics, values

According to the CDC (2016), Human papillomavirus (HPV) disease stands out as among the most common sexually transmitted diseases in both male and females. HPV infections are known by some symptoms including genital warts, however, more imperatively for urology specialists, cervical and penile carcinomas and intermittent genital condylomata in both genders. The frequency of HPV-related … Read more

Effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota

This study analysed 47 hospitalised patients exposed to antibiotic treatment to observe effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and determine its clinical relevance by identifying specific changes in the bacterial community. Patient sampling was limited to an older adult/pensioner population (subject age: 77±9; mean±SD). It is widely considered that the gut microbiota develops in … Read more

Continued Folic Acid Supplementation Throughout Pregnancy

Continued Folic Acid Supplementation Throughout Pregnancy, May Cause Colorectal Cancer In The Future Abstract Folic acid supplementation during early pregnancy protects from spina bifida and avoids either a spontaneous miscarriage or a severe developmental defect causing early postnatal death, associated with spina bifida, microcephaly or anencephaly. However, Based on epidemiological data in both the U.S. … Read more

Annonaceae Family CGMA15 Extract Induces Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Death

Annonaceae Family CGMA15 Extract Induces Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Death via Apoptosis Through a Caspase-Independent Mechanism Abstract The ethanolic CGMA15 extract made from the seeds of a local South Florida plant from the Annonaceae family induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Through caspase inhibition, we were able to show that the … Read more

Career plan (School of Medicine)

Similar to many of my peers in this emphasis, my interest in the healthcare field arose because I ultimately care about the well-being of others, which is a significant part of my character. As social media has become more prominent in our society, we are increasingly aware of the issues that are presented in our … Read more