Applications for snake venom

It can be contended that snakes are one of the most successful animals on earth in terms of their distribution around the globe. Modern snakes are thought to have diverged from lizards around 130 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous period.However, the fossil record for snakes and small lizards is incomplete due to the … Read more

Pigs on farms

In this chapter of the report there will be a few share questions answered all related with feed. First the digestion of the pig is explained, after that the diet of a pig in different stages of production is elaborated, and as last there is told what and how much a pig produces, and what … Read more

Seahorses and pipefish

Although the seahorse and the pipefish can be found within the same family, the Syngnathidae family, they represent different genus’ within the animal kingdom. Seahorses and Pipefish are in the same Syngnathidae family, however the two species are separated into further genus. The pipefish are considered Syngnathinae and a seahorse is considered to be part … Read more

Animal physiology

Introduction: The sense organs are highly specialized structures that receive information from the environment. These organs contain special sense receptors ranging from complex structures, such as eyes and ears, to small localized clusters of receptors, such as taste buds and olfactory epithelium (receptors for smell). Smell and taste are chemical senses, which contain chemoreceptors that … Read more

Deer – terms, habitat, description

Deer Photos of a couple of members of the family Cervidae (clockwise from leading left) including the red deer, the sika deer, the barasingha, the reindeer, and the white-tailed deer. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Mammalia. Infraclass: Eutheria. Order: Artiodactyla. Suborder: Ruminantia. Infraorder: Pecora. Family members: Cervidae. Goldfuss, 1820. Subfamilies. Capreolinae. Cervinae. Integrated … Read more

Animals – basic, balanced diet

Animals require energy feeds for their various life stages. Digestible energy (DE) is the gross amount of energy in the feed an animal consumes minus the amount lost in the feces. Energy feeds are sugars, starches, cellulose, and hemicellulose stored in plant tissues. These components undergo chemical changes in the digestive process and are converted … Read more

Stereotypical behaviours in horses

Introduction Stereotypical behaviours are defined as apparently functionless, repetitive patterns of behaviour (Cooper and McGreevy 2007). They are thought to have developed through frustrated attempts to satisfy a desired need, in an environment that does not supply the horse with the ability to satisfy that desire or need (Henderson, 2007). The action then becomes chronic, … Read more

Does horn length affect the mating abilities of the male Tragelaphus angasii?

Nyala are a species of antelopes who reside in areas of high-density woodland primarily found in parts of southeastern Africa. Aside from their massive height, a distinguishing trait of the Nyala is the spiral horns located above the eyes. This trait specifically found on males, instigates curiosity of the possible reasons for this adaptation of … Read more

Effect of domestication on horses

Alongside the evolution of humans, many animal species became domesticated sometimes for a purpose and sometimes by accident. Archaeological evidence has been found that determined that dogs (Canis familiaris), were the first domesticated species. Bones of ancient wolves found in glaciers show morphological differences to the wild wolves, showing the first signs of domestication (Moore, … Read more

Manipulating the photoperiod of mares

Introduction In nature, horses have evolved to be seasonally polyoestrous in their reproductive cycles. Having more than one oestrous cycles per breeding season means that mares continue to ovulate regularly, approximately every 21 days throughout the breeding season (Brinsko 2011). Without intervention, the breeding season of a mare generally occurs during the summer, which in … Read more

Fertility of Arabian stallion – impact of hot summer season

Abstract This investigation was designed to evaluate the effect of the hot summer season on the fertility of Arabian stallion of different ages. Ejaculates and blood samples were collected at weekly interval from young (n=6, 5-6 years), middle (n=6, 11-12 years) and aged (n=6, 15-20 years) stallion groups. The gel-free portion of the ejaculate was … Read more

What role does disease play in extinction?

Studies of the extinction rate over the past few centuries conclude that it is significantly greater than the background extinction rate, matching or exceeding that during the five previous mass extinctions (Barnosky et al., 2011; Dirzo et al., 2014; Ceballos et al., 2015). Understanding what is shaping extinctions, and how species respond to these pressures, … Read more

Relationship between feeding morphology of fish species and their feeding habits

A strong relationship exists between the feeding morphology of different fish species and their feeding habits. In the present study, the average standardized jaw length, gill raker length, and intestine length were investigated in two species: Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Bluegill Herring (Alosa aestivalis). The differences in length of these structures across species were … Read more

Impact of vitamin A on the effectiveness of vaccines in feedlot calves

Q#1. What is the species name of the model/study organism? The species name for an Angus feedlot calf is Pos (primigenius) taurus (“Angus”, 2018). Q#2. Intellectual merit and broader impact: A) Why did the authors feel this research was important enough to spend time and money doing it? B) Is there an economical, environmental, medical, … Read more