Amniotic fluid volume

The maintenance of amniotic fluid volume is a dynamic process that shows a balance between fluid production and absorption. It may vary with the gestational age. At term it is about 800 ml with a wide range from 400-1500ml in normal cases1. It has number of functions like that of cushioning the fetus from any … Read more

Preterm babies

An estimated 15 million babies are born preterm before 37 completed weeks of gestation worldwide every year1. In the Netherlands, infants born before 32 weeks of gestation are admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to increase the chance of survival 2. In these preterm infants, a delay in reaching full enteral feeding is … Read more

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIPHTHERIA

Case Report MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIPHTHERIA Kaenat Tanveer (134), Faryal Arshad (205) & Hira Aslam (153) Faculty of Pharmacy, University Of Sargodha, Sargodha. ABSTRACT A man was diagnosed at District Headquarter Hospital, Faisalabad with cutaneous diphtheria. The man had experienced persistent ulcer infections of skin. He was in good condition. Corynebacterium diphtheria which produces the … Read more

The Role of TCF7L2 in Type 2 Diabetes: Genetic Insights and Functional Implications

Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) was first implicated when a signal associated with Type 2 diabetes on chromosome 10q was shown in Icelandic populations to host a microsatellite DG10748, containing single nucleotide polymorphisms rs7903146 and rs12255372 in intron 3 of the TCF7L2 gene, associated with a ~ 45% increase in Type 2 diabetes risk per … Read more

Peripheral nerve injuries

Peripheral nerve injuries are common problem of trauma and in those injuries partial or complete loss of nerve function is frequent during surgical reconstruction. Approximately 2.8% nerve injury cases have been reported annually during trauma1. In peripheral nerve system regeneration of injured nerve by implanting of autografts or synthetic conduits can be achieved, when the … Read more

Ouabain

Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside which results in elevated levels of calcium and sodium concentrations, by inhibiting the ATP dependent sodium-pottasium membrane pump (Sergeev and Valeeva, 1998). Its restricts the necessary conformational changes, hence affecting the intracellular ion composition. Increased intracellular calcium levels causes contractile protein activation and increase contractile strength in cardiac muscle cells. … Read more

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis affects about 75 million people in Europe, USA and Japan. . Osteoporosis has many side effects. Fractures, pain and emotional problems are the three most common consequences of osteoporosis. Furthermore, this disease leads to more than 8.9 million fractures annually, resulting in an osteoporotic fracture every 3 seconds. Bone density has a major impact … Read more

Systemic Review of Simvastatin plus Metformin Therapy in Patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

BACKGROUND The cause of PCOS is unknown. But according to the most experts it is to be thinking that several factors could play a role. A main problem associated with PCOS is a hormonal imbalance that affects 5%-10% of women. In women with PCOS, the ovaries make more androgens than normal. Insulin is a hor??mone … Read more

Compliance

According to WHO compliance is ‘the extent to which the patient’s behaviour matches the prescriber’s recommendations’ This scholarly paper will help me to educate my patient for non compliance so she can cope up with her condition. Secondly non compliance is not only common in mentally ill patient but also with other medical illnesses. This … Read more

Marijuana: Drug or Medicine?

Marijuana is one of the most controversial plants currently in society today. It was labeled as being an illegal drug, but over time more and more research shows that marijuana may not be as bad as people think. Studies show that marijuana can help with symptoms from certain diseases that include: Glaucoma, Epilepsy, Eating Disorders, … Read more

Mental health nursing

A 28 year old female patient with schizophrenia effective disorder came to AKU-ER in most unpleasant and unmanageable condition. Patient was not regular with her prescription and follow ups. It looks that she has developed non adherence with medication that is witnessed by relapse of symptoms. According to WHO compliance is ‘the extent to which … Read more

Limitation of Nasal delivery systems

The three main disadvantages of nasal delivery lie in: 1) The smaller volume of the nasal cavity compared to gastric intestinal tract limits the maximum dose delivered into the nose, which makes drugs for continuous and frequent administration. 2) The rapid removal of drug formulations deposited in the nasal cavity by nasal mucociliary clearance is … Read more

A diet plan for a professional footballer

CRISTIANO RONALDO FOOTBALLER AGE: 29 CLUB: Real Madrid C.F Born: 5th February, 1985 in Funchal, Madeira Nationality: Portuguese Height: 6 ft. (1.84 m) Weight: 174 lbs (79 kg) BMR: 1,865 kilocalories burnt at rest Daily Energy Requirements: 3,171 kilocalories Position: Left Wing/ Centre-Forward Statistics: (2014/2015): All competitions (excluding country): 32 goals AND 12 assists in … Read more

Dignity

The provisional meaning of dignity used in the Social Care Institute for Excellence guide is based on a standard dictionary definition: ‘A state, quality or manner worthy of esteem or respect; and (by extension) self-respect. Dignity in care, therefore, means the kind of care, in setting, which supports and promotes, and does not undermine, a … Read more

The Rising Demand for Organic Food: Benefits and Challenges

‘Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body’ (Folkerts & Garssen, 2014, p. 33). Food is an essential product for humans to stay alive. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs also portrays it as the fundamental need, the physical requirement for human survival, and the most important need. The description of healthy food … Read more